Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet.
Study Goal
The researchers aimed to determine whether combining a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts and ω-3 supplementation enhances cardiovascular and metabolic benefits compared to the diet alone.
Results Summary
Both groups (with and without ω-3) experienced significant weight and fat loss, improved cholesterol, LDL-c, and glucose levels. The ω-3 group showed greater reductions in triglycerides, insulin, and inflammatory cytokines, with increased adiponectin levels.
Population
34 overweight but otherwise healthy males aged 25-65 years.
Effective Dosage
Not specified
Duration
4 weeks
Interactions
None mentioned
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ketogenic diet protocol | decrease | body weight | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | KD-4.7 kg, KDO3-4.03 kg | significant loss | #1 |
ketogenic diet protocol | decrease | body fat | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | KD-5.41 kg, KDO3-5.86 kg | significant loss | #2 |
ketogenic diet protocol | decrease | total cholesterol | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | - | significant decreases | #3 |
ketogenic diet protocol | decrease | LDL-c | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | - | significant decreases | #4 |
ketogenic diet protocol | decrease | glucose levels | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | - | significant decreases | #5 |
ketogenic diet protocol with ω-3 supplementation (KDO3) | decrease | triglycerides | KDO3 subjects | - | decreased more | #6 |
ketogenic diet protocol with ω-3 supplementation (KDO3) | decrease | insulin levels | KDO3 subjects | - | decreased more | #7 |
ketogenic diet protocol with ω-3 supplementation (KDO3) | decrease | IL-1β | KDO3 subjects | - | decreased significantly | #8 |
ketogenic diet protocol with ω-3 supplementation (KDO3) | decrease | IL-6 | KDO3 subjects | - | decreased significantly | #9 |
ketogenic diet protocol with ω-3 supplementation (KDO3) | decrease | TNF-α | KDO3 subjects | - | decreased significantly | #10 |
ketogenic diet protocol without ω-3 supplementation (KD) | decrease | TNF-α | KD subjects | - | showed a significant decrease | #11 |
ketogenic diet protocol | no change | IL-10 | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | - | No significant changes were observed | #12 |
ketogenic diet protocol | no change | IL-1Ra | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | - | No significant changes were observed | #13 |
ketogenic diet protocol | no change | creatinine | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | - | No significant changes were observed | #14 |
ketogenic diet protocol | no change | urea | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | - | No significant changes were observed | #15 |
ketogenic diet protocol | no change | uric acid | 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight | - | No significant changes were observed | #16 |
ketogenic diet protocol with ω-3 supplementation (KDO3) | increase | Adiponectin | KDO3 group | - | increased significantly | #17 |
BACKGROUND: the ketogenic diet (KD) has become a widely used nutritional approach for weight loss. Some of the KD's positive effects on metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors are similar to those seen after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation. We hypothesized that a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts combined with ω-3 supplementation may have increased positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. METHODS: We analyzed 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight. The subjects followed a ketogenic diet protocol for four weeks; with (KDO3) or without (KD) ω-3 supplementation. RESULTS: All subjects experienced a significant loss of body weight and body fat and there was no significant differences between treatment (body weight: KD-4.7 kg, KDO3-4.03 kg, body fat KD-5.41 kg, KDO3-5.86 kg). There were also significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and glucose levels. Triglycerides and insulin levels decreased more in KDO3 vs. KD subjects, with a significant difference. All the investigated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) decreased significantly in KDO3 subjects whilst only TNF-α showed a significant decrease in KD subjects over the 12 month study period. No significant changes were observed in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1Ra), creatinine, urea and uric acid. Adiponectin increased significantly only in the KDO3 group. CONCLUSIONS: ω-3 supplementation improved the positive effects of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on some cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and inflammatory state.