Momordica charantia saponins administration in low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet improves growth, blood biochemical, intestinal health and microflora composition of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Study Goal
The researchers aimed to determine whether Momordica charantia saponins (MCS) could enhance the protein-sparing effects of a high-carbohydrate diet in juvenile common carp.
Results Summary
The study found that a 30%P/43%C diet improved growth, digestion, and gut microbiota, but further carbohydrate increase (28%P/46%C) reduced benefits unless supplemented with 0.16% MCS, which enhanced growth, enzyme activity, and gut health while lowering metabolic stress markers.
Population
Juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with an initial mass of 5.41 ± 0.02 g.
Effective Dosage
0.16% MCS supplementation in the 28%P/46%C diet.
Duration
8 weeks.
Interactions
None mentioned.
| Intervention | Direction | Endpoint | Population | Dosage | Impact | Claim # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30%P/43%C diet | increase | growth performance | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | increased | #1 |
30%P/43%C diet | increase | intestinal digestion | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | increased | #2 |
30%P/43%C diet | decrease | intestinal inflammation | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #3 |
30%P/43%C diet | increase | intestinal microbiota | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | optimized | #4 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | increase | growth performance | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | significantly elevated | #5 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | increase | activities of digestive enzymes | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | significantly elevated | #6 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | increase | activities of antioxidative enzymes | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | significantly elevated | #7 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | contents of glucose | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #8 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | contents of triglyceride | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #9 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | contents of total cholesterol | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #10 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | contents of low density lipoprotein cholesterol | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #11 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | contents of blood urea nitrogen | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #12 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | contents of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #13 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | contents of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #14 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | contents of malondialdehyde | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #15 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | increase | expressions of GH/IGF axis genes | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | markedly upregulated | #16 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | increase | expressions of genes involved in protein synthesis | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | markedly upregulated | #17 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | increase | expressions of antioxidant genes | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | markedly upregulated | #18 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | increase | expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokine | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | markedly upregulated | #19 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | decreased | #20 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | increase | Enterococcus proportion | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | obtained the remarkably higher | #21 |
28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS | decrease | Lactococcus proportion | juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | - | obtained the remarkably lower | #22 |
0.16% MCS administration in a 28%P/46%C diet | increase | protein-sparing action of high carbohydrate | common carp | - | could facilitate | #23 |
0.16% MCS administration in a 28%P/46%C diet | decrease | dosage of soybean meal | common carp | 5% | could decrease | #24 |
0.16% MCS administration in a 28%P/46%C diet | decrease | crude protein of diets | common carp | 4% | synchronously reduce | #25 |
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to explore the feasibility of Momordica charantia saponins (MCS) administration to facilitate the protein-sparing action of high carbohydrate in diets for juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with initial mass of 5.41 ± 0.02 g. Based on our previous study, four diets with different the ratio of protein and carbohydrate (P/C ratio) were designed: 32%P/40%C, 30%P/43%C, 28%P/46%C, 28%P/46%C supplemented with 0.16% MCS (28%P/46%C + MCS). Each diet treatment was divided into 3 replicates. Results revealed that 30%P/43%C group increased growth performance and intestinal digestion, decreased intestinal inflammation, and optimized the intestinal microbiota compared to 32%P/40%C group, which presented the stronger protein-sparing action of high carbohydrate. But if the P/C ratio reduced to 28%P/46%C or less, the saving action would be restrained. However, compared to the 30%P/43%C and 28%P/46%C groups, 28%P/46%C + MCS group significantly elevated growth performance and activities of digestive enzymes and antioxidative enzymes, whilst the opposite trend occurred in the contents of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and malondialdehyde. In addition, 28%P/46%C + MCS group markedly upregulated the expressions of GH/IGF axis genes, genes involved in protein synthesis, antioxidant genes and anti-inflammatory cytokine, whilst the opposite trend occurred in the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, 28%P/46%C + MCS group obtained the remarkably higher Enterococcus proportion and lower Lactococcus proportion compared to the 30%P/43%C and 28%P/46%C groups, whereas the opposite occurred in 30%P/43%C group, which indicated that there existed differences in the improvement mechanism on intestinal microflora composition between MCS and appropriate P/C ratio. Combined with the above mentioned changes in our research, we concluded that 0.16% MCS administration in a 28%P/46%C diet could facilitate the protein-sparing action of high carbohydrate in diets for common carp, which could decrease the 5% dosage of soybean meal and synchronously reduce the 4% crude protein of diets without affecting the growth and immune ability for common carp.