personalized Mediterranean diet plans delivered via a clinical decision support system Decreases - lower intakes cholesterol intake Human
adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome Personalized MD plans delivered every 15 days via CDSS (specific dietary amounts not detailed). Optimizing Dietary Habits in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Personalized Mediterranean Diet Intervention via Clinical Decision Support System-A Randomized Controlled Trial. diet regimen Decreases - highly statistically significant decrease total cholesterol (TC) Human
postmenopausal obese women LA treatment for 30 minutes, three times a week. The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. combined laser acupuncture and diet regimen Decreases - significantly lower total cholesterol (TC) Human
postmenopausal obese women LA treatment for 30 minutes, three times a week. The effects of laser acupuncture on metabolic syndrome in obese postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study. flax oil and safflower oil blend diet Increases - increased serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity Human
individuals with or at risk for metabolic syndrome 60 g/day (incorporated into smoothies twice daily for a 3000-kcal diet). Diets Low in Saturated Fat with Different Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles Similarly Increase Serum-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages in a Population with or at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial. high oleic acid-canola oil diet Increases - increased serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity Human
individuals with or at risk for metabolic syndrome 60 g/day (incorporated into smoothies twice daily for a 3000-kcal diet). Diets Low in Saturated Fat with Different Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles Similarly Increase Serum-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages in a Population with or at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial. corn oil and safflower oil blend diet Increases - increased serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity Human
individuals with or at risk for metabolic syndrome 60 g/day (incorporated into smoothies twice daily for a 3000-kcal diet). Diets Low in Saturated Fat with Different Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles Similarly Increase Serum-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages in a Population with or at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial. canola oil diet Increases - increased serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity Human
individuals with or at risk for metabolic syndrome 60 g/day (incorporated into smoothies twice daily for a 3000-kcal diet). Diets Low in Saturated Fat with Different Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles Similarly Increase Serum-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages in a Population with or at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial. DHA-enriched high oleic acid-canola oil diet Increases - increased serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity Human
individuals with or at risk for metabolic syndrome 60 g/day (incorporated into smoothies twice daily for a 3000-kcal diet). Diets Low in Saturated Fat with Different Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles Similarly Increase Serum-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages in a Population with or at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome: The Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial. high fructose (HF) diet Increases - significantly elevated total cholesterol Animal
obese Wister male rats RSV at 30 mg/kg/day Role of trans-resveratrol in ameliorating biochemical and molecular alterations in obese rats induced by a high fructose/fat diet. high-fructose high-fat (HF/HFAT) diet Increases - significantly elevated total cholesterol Animal
obese Wister male rats RSV at 30 mg/kg/day Role of trans-resveratrol in ameliorating biochemical and molecular alterations in obese rats induced by a high fructose/fat diet. calorie-restricted, low-fat lactoovovegetarian diet (LOV-D) Decreases - borderline significant decrease LDL:HDL cholesterol Human
overweight and obese adults Not specified (calorie-restricted, low-fat diets). Effects of a vegetarian diet and treatment preference on biochemical and dietary variables in overweight and obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. 5-day, high-fat diet rich in cottonseed oil (CSO) Decreases - were lower following Fasting total cholesterol Human
fifteen normal-weight men 50% fat diet rich in either CSO or OO. A 5-day high-fat diet rich in cottonseed oil improves cholesterol profiles and triglycerides compared to olive oil in healthy men. 5-day, high-fat diet rich in cottonseed oil (CSO) Increases - increased following High-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
fifteen normal-weight men 50% fat diet rich in either CSO or OO. A 5-day high-fat diet rich in cottonseed oil improves cholesterol profiles and triglycerides compared to olive oil in healthy men. 5-day, high-fat diet rich in cottonseed oil (CSO) Decreases - were lower following low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
fifteen normal-weight men 50% fat diet rich in either CSO or OO. A 5-day high-fat diet rich in cottonseed oil improves cholesterol profiles and triglycerides compared to olive oil in healthy men. phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 2 diet No effect - did not reduce LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
children and adolescents with dyslipidemia Not specified Effect of phytosterol capsule supplementation associated with the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet on low-density lipoprotein in children and adolescents with dyslipidemia: A double-blind crossover trial. egg-enriched diet Decreases - mediated by reducing de novo cholesterol synthesis Animal
— — An egg-enriched diet attenuates plasma lipids and mediates cholesterol metabolism of high-cholesterol fed rats. egg-enriched diet Increases - mediated by enhancing excretion of fecal cholesterol Animal
— — An egg-enriched diet attenuates plasma lipids and mediates cholesterol metabolism of high-cholesterol fed rats. egg-enriched diet Decreases - had lower hepatic cholesterol concentrations Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — An egg-enriched diet attenuates plasma lipids and mediates cholesterol metabolism of high-cholesterol fed rats. egg-enriched diet Decreases - had lower low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — An egg-enriched diet attenuates plasma lipids and mediates cholesterol metabolism of high-cholesterol fed rats. egg-enriched diet Increases - had greater plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — An egg-enriched diet attenuates plasma lipids and mediates cholesterol metabolism of high-cholesterol fed rats. egg-enriched diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — An egg-enriched diet attenuates plasma lipids and mediates cholesterol metabolism of high-cholesterol fed rats. supplementing the daily diet with plant sterol ester-enriched milk derivatives Decreases - reduce LDL-cholesterol levels Human
— 2 g of plant sterol esters per day, administered via liquid yoghurt. Effect of plant sterols on the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Randomised, experimental study. diet supplemented with a predominantly saturated vegetable oil Increases - significant effect cholesterol and triglycerides Animal
exercising Thoroughbred horses Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation. diet supplemented with a predominantly unsaturated vegetable oil Increases - significant effect cholesterol and triglycerides Animal
exercising Thoroughbred horses Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation. diet supplemented with a predominantly unsaturated vegetable oil Increases - slightly, but significantly higher concentrations linoleic acid in the cholesterol ester and phospholipid classes Animal
exercising Thoroughbred horses Approximately 12% of digestible energy (DE) from the oil source for 10 months, then increased to 20% DE for an additional 6 months. Effect of feeding thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation. fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet Decreases - might be helpful for lowering blood cholesterol Human
overweight/obese individuals in Southwest China Daily energy intake reduced by 300-500 kcal, with low-glycemic index carbohydrate-energy ratio <45% and fat-energy ratio 25-30%. Fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet controls weight and improves blood lipid profile: A pilot study among overweight and obese adults in Southwest China. fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet Decreases - significantly reduced cholesterol Human
overweight/obese Southwest Chinese individuals Daily energy intake reduced by 300-500 kcal, with low-glycemic index carbohydrate-energy ratio <45% and fat-energy ratio 25-30%. Fat-restricted low-glycemic index diet controls weight and improves blood lipid profile: A pilot study among overweight and obese adults in Southwest China. vegetarian diet Decreases - provided significantly less cholesterol cholesterol Human
— Not specified Vegetarian diet, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. vegetarian diet Decreases - serum cholesterol fell significantly serum cholesterol Human
— Not specified Vegetarian diet, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. vegetarian diet Decreases - had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels serum cholesterol levels Human
random sample of forty-seven Adventist vegetarians Not specified Vegetarian diet, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. vegetarian diet No effect - promote the maintenance of normal cholesterol and blood sugar Human
— Not available Nutrition of vegetarians in Poland – a review of research. vegetarian diet (VD) Decreases - were significantly lower oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
subjects with ischemic heart disease Individually designed isocaloric diet plans (specific amounts not detailed). Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study. vegetarian diet (VD) Decreases - were significantly lower oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
subjects with ischemic heart disease Individually designed isocaloric diet plans (specific amounts not detailed). Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study. vegetarian diet (VD) Decreases - were significantly lower total cholesterol Human
subjects with ischemic heart disease Individually designed isocaloric diet plans (specific amounts not detailed). Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study. vegetarian diet (VD) Decreases - were significantly lower total cholesterol Human
subjects with ischemic heart disease Individually designed isocaloric diet plans (specific amounts not detailed). Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Plasma Metabolome in Subjects With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized, Crossover Study. diet therapy and coconut oil intake Decreases - decreased significantly low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol level Human
overweight individuals 20 mL of coconut oil per day. The effect of coconut oil on anthropometric measurements and irisin levels in overweight individuals. diet therapy and coconut oil intake Decreases - decreased significantly total cholesterol level Human
overweight individuals 20 mL of coconut oil per day. The effect of coconut oil on anthropometric measurements and irisin levels in overweight individuals. hypercaloric diet rich in lipids and simple carbohydrates Increases - had a higher liver cholesterol Animal
Male Wistar rats 250 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally. Effects of carnosine supplementation on markers for the pathophysiological development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in a diet-induced model. hypercaloric diet rich in lipids and simple carbohydrates Increases - had a higher plasma cholesterol Animal
Male Wistar rats 250 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally. Effects of carnosine supplementation on markers for the pathophysiological development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in a diet-induced model. methoprolol (50 mg/daily) and standard mixed antiatherogenic diet Decreases - decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
control group Not specified (dietary intervention only) [Influence of combined lacto-vegetarian diet and selective beta-blocking agents on clinical and metabolic indices in patients with coronary heart disease]. methoprolol (50 mg/daily) and antiatherogenic lacto vegetarian diet Increases - increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
vegetarian group Not specified (dietary intervention only) [Influence of combined lacto-vegetarian diet and selective beta-blocking agents on clinical and metabolic indices in patients with coronary heart disease]. methoprolol (50 mg/daily) and antiatherogenic lacto vegetarian diet Decreases - decreased low-density lipoproteins cholesterol Human
vegetarian group Not specified (dietary intervention only) [Influence of combined lacto-vegetarian diet and selective beta-blocking agents on clinical and metabolic indices in patients with coronary heart disease]. methoprolol (50 mg/daily) and antiatherogenic lacto vegetarian diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol on the serum of blood Human
vegetarian group Not specified (dietary intervention only) [Influence of combined lacto-vegetarian diet and selective beta-blocking agents on clinical and metabolic indices in patients with coronary heart disease]. American Heart Association (AHA) Step I diet Decreases - had lesser reductions in plasma total cholesterol (TC) Animal
cynomolgus monkeys 3.4% soy lecithin in diet. Soy lecithin reduces plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and early atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic monkeys and hamsters: beyond linoleate. modified AHA (mAHA) Step I diet containing 3.4% soy lecithin Decreases - had significantly lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) Animal
cynomolgus monkeys 3.4% soy lecithin in diet. Soy lecithin reduces plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and early atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic monkeys and hamsters: beyond linoleate. modified AHA (mAHA) Step I diet containing 3.4% soy lecithin Decreases - had significantly lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) Animal
cynomolgus monkeys 3.4% soy lecithin in diet. Soy lecithin reduces plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and early atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic monkeys and hamsters: beyond linoleate. modified AHA (mAHA) Step I diet containing 3.4% soy lecithin Decreases - significantly reduced pre-treatment plasma total cholesterol (TC) Animal
cynomolgus monkeys 3.4% soy lecithin in diet. Soy lecithin reduces plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and early atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic monkeys and hamsters: beyond linoleate. modified diet group (MD) Decreases - were within the reference range total cholesterol (TC) Human
overweight and obese retired miners with lipid disorders 1 hour of Nordic walking 3 times per week at 60-70% of maximal heart rate. Effect of 12-Week Interventions Involving Nordic Walking Exercise and a Modified Diet on the Anthropometric Parameters and Blood Lipid Profiles in Overweight and Obese Ex-Coal Miners. HC diet Decreases - decreased concentrations of total cholesterol Human
Subjects (n 9) Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet. HC diet No effect - no effect HDL-cholesterol Human
Subjects (n 9) Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet. HC diet Decreases - decreased LDL-cholesterol Human
Subjects (n 9) Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet. HC diet Decreases - decreased total:HDL-cholesterol Human
Subjects (n 9) Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet. HF diet Increases - increased concentrations of total cholesterol Human
Subjects (n 9) Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet. HF diet Increases - increased HDL-cholesterol Human
Subjects (n 9) Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet. HF diet Increases - increased LDL-cholesterol Human
Subjects (n 9) Four isoenergetic diets varying in calcium (700 mg/d or 2800 mg/d) and fat (25% or 49% of energy). Dairy calcium intake modifies responsiveness of fat metabolism and blood lipids to a high-fat diet. DAG rich diet Increases - significant increase HDL- cholesterol Animal
— — Dietary effects of diacylglycerol rich mustard oil on lipid profile of normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic rats. DAG rich diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol content Animal
— — Dietary effects of diacylglycerol rich mustard oil on lipid profile of normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic rats. weight loss diet rich in both whole grains and fruits and vegetables No effect - change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women Not specified Impact of Diets Rich in Whole Grains and Fruits and Vegetables on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Clinical Feeding Trial. weight loss diet rich in whole grains Increases - greater increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women Not specified Impact of Diets Rich in Whole Grains and Fruits and Vegetables on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Clinical Feeding Trial. weight loss diet rich in whole grains Decreases - significant decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women Not specified Impact of Diets Rich in Whole Grains and Fruits and Vegetables on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Clinical Feeding Trial. weight loss diet rich in whole grains No effect - change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women Not specified Impact of Diets Rich in Whole Grains and Fruits and Vegetables on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Clinical Feeding Trial. weight loss diet rich in fruits and vegetables Decreases - significant decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women Not specified Impact of Diets Rich in Whole Grains and Fruits and Vegetables on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Clinical Feeding Trial. weight loss diet rich in fruits and vegetables No effect - change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women Not specified Impact of Diets Rich in Whole Grains and Fruits and Vegetables on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Clinical Feeding Trial. almond-enriched low-calorie diet (almond-LCD) Decreases - decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
overweight and obese adults 84 g/day of almonds. Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program. complex carbohydrate-enriched low-calorie diet (CHO-LCD) Increases - increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
overweight and obese adults 84 g/day of almonds. Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program. 12-week hypocaloric ketogenic diet (KD) Increases - significant improvements were observed high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
overweight, obese, and healthy-weight females Less than 30 g of carbohydrates, approximately 60 g of protein, and 140 g of fat per day (80% unsaturated and 20% saturated fat). Effects of a 12 Week Ketogenic Diet Intervention on Obese and Overweight Females with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disturbance. SFA diet enriched with butter Increases - increased LDL cholesterol Human
total study population Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. SFA diet enriched with butter Increases - increased LDL cholesterol Human
normal-weight participants Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. SFA diet enriched with butter Increases - increased LDL cholesterol Human
obese participants Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine Decreases - lowered LDL cholesterol Human
total study population Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine Decreases - lowered LDL cholesterol Human
normal-weight participants Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. PUFA diet enriched with oil-based margarine Decreases - lowered LDL cholesterol Human
obese participants Diets differed by ~9 energy percent (E%) in SFA and ~4 E% in PUFA between groups. BMI modifies the effect of dietary fat on atherogenic lipids: a randomized clinical trial. diet supplementation with PSO and BM Increases - significantly increased cholesterol Animal
rat livers Not specified Pomegranate seed oil and bitter melon extract supplemented in diet influence the lipid profile and intensity of peroxidation in livers of SPRD rats exposed to a chemical carcinogen. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet No effect - had similar fecal excretions cholesterol Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet No effect - had similar fecal excretions cholesterol Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - were also lower hepatic concentrations of cholesterol Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - were also lower hepatic concentrations of cholesterol Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - had lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - had lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - led to lower concentrations liver cholesterol Animal
obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - led to lower concentrations liver cholesterol Animal
obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - had lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - had lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - led to lower concentrations serum cholesterol Animal
obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - led to lower concentrations serum cholesterol Animal
obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - had lower serum total cholesterol concentrations Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. water-soluble fish protein from blue whiting (BWW) diet Decreases - had lower serum total cholesterol concentrations Animal
twelve male obese Zucker fa/fa rats Water-soluble protein from blue whiting as 1/3 of total protein, with the remaining 2/3 as casein. Water-Soluble Fish Protein Intake Led to Lower Serum and Liver Cholesterol Concentrations in Obese Zucker fa/fa Rats. butter diet Increases - increased significantly compared with the carbohydrate diet LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. butter diet Increases - increased significantly compared with the MUFA diet LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. butter diet Increases - increased significantly compared with the PUFA diet LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. butter diet Increases - increase in LDL cholesterol being significantly greater than with cheese LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
individuals with high baseline LDL-cholesterol concentrations SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. cheese diet Decreases - were lower than after the butter diet LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. cheese diet Increases - were higher than after the carbohydrate diet LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. cheese diet Increases - were higher than after the MUFA diet LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. cheese diet Increases - were higher than after the PUFA diet LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
92 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL-cholesterol concentrations SFAs from butter constituted 12.4-12.6% of total calories in the diet. Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. fat-modified diet enriched with RO No effect - seems to have very similar effects cholesterol levels Human
children affected with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) 14-27 g/day of either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study. low-fat diet regime enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids by sunflower oil (SO) Decreases - reduction LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio Human
children affected with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) 14-27 g/day of either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study. low-fat diet regime enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids by sunflower oil (SO) Decreases - resulted in significant reduction low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations Human
children affected with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) 14-27 g/day of either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study. low-fat diet regime enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids by sunflower oil (SO) Decreases - resulted in significant reduction total cholesterol concentrations Human
children affected with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) 14-27 g/day of either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study. low-fat diet regime enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids by rapeseed oil (RO) Decreases - reduction LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio Human
children affected with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) 14-27 g/day of either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study. low-fat diet regime enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids by rapeseed oil (RO) Decreases - resulted in significant reduction low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations Human
children affected with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) 14-27 g/day of either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study. low-fat diet regime enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids by rapeseed oil (RO) Decreases - resulted in significant reduction total cholesterol concentrations Human
children affected with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) 14-27 g/day of either rapeseed oil or sunflower oil. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study. BD + Cal diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in breast Animal
Birds 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 1; 0.33-0.66% DHA-rich oil (1.5-3.0 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 2 Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. BD + Cal diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in liver Animal
Birds 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 1; 0.33-0.66% DHA-rich oil (1.5-3.0 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 2 Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. BD + Cal diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma Animal
Birds 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 1; 0.33-0.66% DHA-rich oil (1.5-3.0 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 2 Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. BD + Cal diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in thigh Animal
Birds 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 1; 0.33-0.66% DHA-rich oil (1.5-3.0 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 2 Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. BD + DHA + EPA diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in breast Animal
Birds 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 1; 0.33-0.66% DHA-rich oil (1.5-3.0 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 2 Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. BD + DHA + EPA diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in liver Animal
Birds 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 1; 0.33-0.66% DHA-rich oil (1.5-3.0 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 2 Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. BD + DHA + EPA diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma Animal
Birds 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 1; 0.33-0.66% DHA-rich oil (1.5-3.0 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 2 Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. BD + DHA + EPA diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in thigh Animal
Birds 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 1; 0.33-0.66% DHA-rich oil (1.5-3.0 g DHA/kg diet) in Exp. 2 Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. dietary intervention with a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet Decreases - was lower intake of all types of fat (saturated fat, linoleic acid, and oleic acid) and dietary cholesterol Human
women with extensive mammographic densities Not specified Long-term effects of participation in a randomized trial of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. dietary intervention with a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet Decreases - were lower Total cholesterol and apoprotein B levels Human
women with extensive mammographic densities Not specified Long-term effects of participation in a randomized trial of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Avocado-based Mediterranean diet Decreases - will further reduce levels of LDL-cholesterol Human
— 1/2 portion of Avocado per day. Effects of an Avocado-based Mediterranean Diet on Serum Lipids for Secondary Prevention after Ischemic Stroke Trial (ADD-SPISE): Study protocol. hypocaloric Mediterranean diet pattern for 9 months with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids Decreases - significant improvement low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels Human
patients with the AA genotype Not specified Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern. hypocaloric Mediterranean diet pattern for 9 months with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids Decreases - significant improvement total cholesterol Human
patients with the AA genotype Not specified Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern. hypocaloric fat monounsaturated diet No effect - showed no improvement LDL-cholesterol Human
G allele carriers of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs3774261) Not specified Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern. hypocaloric fat monounsaturated diet No effect - showed no improvement total-cholesterol Human
G allele carriers of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs3774261) Not specified Interaction of the variant in the adiponectin gene rs3774261 with serum lipid profile and adiponectin levels after 9 months with a high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern. low-carbohydrate/high-fat weight-loss diet Increases - greater effects on raising HDL cholesterol Human
individuals with the CETP rs3764261 CC genotype Not specified CETP genotype and changes in lipid levels in response to weight-loss diet intervention in the POUNDS LOST and DIRECT randomized trials. high-fat diet Increases - larger increases HDL cholesterol Human
participants with the CETP rs3764261 CC genotype Not specified CETP genotype and changes in lipid levels in response to weight-loss diet intervention in the POUNDS LOST and DIRECT randomized trials. low-fat diet No effect - no significant difference HDL cholesterol Human
participants carrying other genotypes Not specified CETP genotype and changes in lipid levels in response to weight-loss diet intervention in the POUNDS LOST and DIRECT randomized trials. low carbohydrate diet (LCD) score Decreases - non-significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC) values Human
obese individuals Not specified (dietary intake assessed via FFQ, LCD score based on deciles of intake). Low-carbohydrate diet score is associated with improved blood pressure and cardio-metabolic risk factors among obese adults. plant-focused pea protein-supplemented diet (PP-D) Decreases - significantly lower serum non-HDL cholesterol Human
middle-to-older aged adults 1.0g·kg BM-1·day-1 of protein from either animal (whey) or plant (pea) sources. Resistance training increases myofibrillar protein synthesis in middle-to-older aged adults consuming a typical diet with no influence of protein source: a randomized controlled trial. low-calorie DASH diet Decreases - resulted in a significant decrease VLDL-cholesterol levels Human
overweight or obese patients with PCOS Not specified (diet included 52%-55% carbohydrates, 16%-18% proteins, and 30% total fats, with low-fat dairy as part of the DASH diet). The effects of dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet on weight loss, anti-Müllerian hormone and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. phytochemical-enhanced diet (PED) consisting of a low-glycemic-load diet plus a medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols and a nutraceutical containing hops rho iso-alpha acids and acacia proanthocyanidins Decreases - exhibited greater improvement than the MED arm non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) Human
adults with metabolic syndrome and LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL Not specified (medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols, plus a nutraceutical). Subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome benefit from supplementation with soy protein, phytosterols, hops rho iso-alpha acids, and Acacia nilotica proanthocyanidins. phytochemical-enhanced diet (PED) consisting of a low-glycemic-load diet plus a medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols and a nutraceutical containing hops rho iso-alpha acids and acacia proanthocyanidins Decreases - exhibited greater improvement than the MED arm total cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome and LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL Not specified (medical food containing soy protein and plant sterols, plus a nutraceutical). Subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome benefit from supplementation with soy protein, phytosterols, hops rho iso-alpha acids, and Acacia nilotica proanthocyanidins. LP diet (8% protein) throughout pregnancy and lactation Increases - increased cholesterol clefts cholesterol clefts Human
6-month-old LP offspring — Poor maternal nutrition programmes a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype in ApoE-/- mice. LP diet (8% protein) throughout pregnancy and lactation Increases - had higher LDL-cholesterol levels LDL-cholesterol levels Human
LP offspring — Poor maternal nutrition programmes a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype in ApoE-/- mice. Mediterranean Portfolio Diet (Diet2) Decreases - had a significantly lower LDL-cholesterol Human
Diet2 participants (n = 29) Saturated fat intake reduced to <10% of energy intake (Diet1); Mediterranean Portfolio Diet with cholesterol-lowering foods (Diet2). Randomized parallel-group pilot trial (Best foods for your heart) comparing the effects of a Mediterranean Portfolio diet with a low saturated fat diet on HIV dyslipidemia. Mediterranean Portfolio Diet (Diet2) No effect - effects were not sustained LDL-cholesterol Human
— Saturated fat intake reduced to <10% of energy intake (Diet1); Mediterranean Portfolio Diet with cholesterol-lowering foods (Diet2). Randomized parallel-group pilot trial (Best foods for your heart) comparing the effects of a Mediterranean Portfolio diet with a low saturated fat diet on HIV dyslipidemia. Mediterranean Portfolio diet Decreases - might equate to short term improvements LDL-cholesterol Human
people living with HIV Saturated fat intake reduced to <10% of energy intake (Diet1); Mediterranean Portfolio Diet with cholesterol-lowering foods (Diet2). Randomized parallel-group pilot trial (Best foods for your heart) comparing the effects of a Mediterranean Portfolio diet with a low saturated fat diet on HIV dyslipidemia. athenolol (50 mg daily) + antiatherogenic lactoovovegetarian diet Decreases - decreased level of total cholesterol Human
patients with coronary heart diseases Not specified for the diet; medications: athenolol (50 mg daily) and hypotiazide (25 mg daily). [The treatment of coronary heart disease by beta-adrenoblockers or tiazide diuretics preparation in combination with vegetarian diet]. athenolol (50 mg daily) + antiatherogenic lactoovovegetarian diet Decreases - decreased low-density lipoproteins cholesterol Human
patients with coronary heart diseases Not specified for the diet; medications: athenolol (50 mg daily) and hypotiazide (25 mg daily). [The treatment of coronary heart disease by beta-adrenoblockers or tiazide diuretics preparation in combination with vegetarian diet]. hypotiazide (25 mg daily) + antiatherogenic lactoovovegetarian diet Increases - slight increase HDL cholesterol Human
patients with coronary heart diseases Not specified for the diet; medications: athenolol (50 mg daily) and hypotiazide (25 mg daily). [The treatment of coronary heart disease by beta-adrenoblockers or tiazide diuretics preparation in combination with vegetarian diet]. hypotiazide (25 mg daily) + antiatherogenic lactoovovegetarian diet Decreases - slight decrease total cholesterol Human
patients with coronary heart diseases Not specified for the diet; medications: athenolol (50 mg daily) and hypotiazide (25 mg daily). [The treatment of coronary heart disease by beta-adrenoblockers or tiazide diuretics preparation in combination with vegetarian diet]. athenolol (50 mg daily) + standard antiatherogenic diet 10c No effect - practically did'nt change level of total cholesterol Human
patients with coronary heart diseases Not specified for the diet; medications: athenolol (50 mg daily) and hypotiazide (25 mg daily). [The treatment of coronary heart disease by beta-adrenoblockers or tiazide diuretics preparation in combination with vegetarian diet]. athenolol (50 mg daily) + standard antiatherogenic diet 10c No effect - practically did'nt change low-density lipoproteins cholesterol Human
patients with coronary heart diseases Not specified for the diet; medications: athenolol (50 mg daily) and hypotiazide (25 mg daily). [The treatment of coronary heart disease by beta-adrenoblockers or tiazide diuretics preparation in combination with vegetarian diet]. SB-based diet Decreases - decreased betaine-induced elevation of plasma cholesterol Animal
rats — Soybean amplifies the hypohomocysteinemic effect of betaine and improves its hypercholesterolemic effect. SPI-based diet No effect - was not decreased betaine-induced elevation of plasma cholesterol Animal
rats — Soybean amplifies the hypohomocysteinemic effect of betaine and improves its hypercholesterolemic effect. DASH-type diet Decreases - reduced total cholesterol Human
166 African Americans Two diets—37% total fat (16% SFA) vs. 25% total fat (6% SFA). Reducing saturated fat intake lowers LDL-C but increases Lp(a) levels in African Americans: the GET-READI feeding trial. representative typical American diet (TAD) Decreases - decreased HDL cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes. representative typical American diet (TAD) Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes. DGA-based diet Decreases - decreased HDL cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes. DGA-based diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia Not specified (all foods and beverages were provided). A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes. low-carbohydrates diet (LC) Decreases - exerted significant effects on decreasing total cholesterol level Human
overweight male patients with drug addiction Not specified Effects of an 8-week Baduanjin intervention combined with low-carbohydrates diet among overweight people who struggle with drug addiction. hypocaloric high-protein diet Increases - increased HDL-cholesterol Human
NAFLD patients Not specified Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). hypocaloric high-protein diet Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
NAFLD patients Not specified Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). hypocaloric high-protein diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
NAFLD patients Not specified Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). hypocaloric high-protein diet Decreases - decreased VLDL cholesterol Human
NAFLD patients Not specified Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). antiatherogenic vegetarian diet Increases - increased High-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
patients with CHD in VG Not specified (dietary intervention only). [Leveling the hyperlipidemic effect of beta-adrenoblockers by means of antiatherogenic vegetarian diet]. antiatherogenic vegetarian diet Decreases - significantly decreased level of total cholesterol Human
patients with CHD in VG Not specified (dietary intervention only). [Leveling the hyperlipidemic effect of beta-adrenoblockers by means of antiatherogenic vegetarian diet]. antiatherogenic vegetarian diet Decreases - significantly decreased very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
patients with CHD in VG Not specified (dietary intervention only). [Leveling the hyperlipidemic effect of beta-adrenoblockers by means of antiatherogenic vegetarian diet]. routine mixed diet No. 10c Decreases - decreased High-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
patients with CHD in CG Not specified (dietary intervention only). [Leveling the hyperlipidemic effect of beta-adrenoblockers by means of antiatherogenic vegetarian diet]. routine mixed diet No. 10c Increases - increased level of total cholesterol Human
patients with CHD in CG Not specified (dietary intervention only). [Leveling the hyperlipidemic effect of beta-adrenoblockers by means of antiatherogenic vegetarian diet]. routine mixed diet No. 10c Increases - increased very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
patients with CHD in CG Not specified (dietary intervention only). [Leveling the hyperlipidemic effect of beta-adrenoblockers by means of antiatherogenic vegetarian diet]. low protein diet (LPD) Decreases - significantly decreased cholesterol Human
advanced CKD adult patients Not specified Compliance, Adherence and Concordance Differently Predict the Improvement of Uremic and Microbial Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease on Low Protein Diet. low protein diet (LPD) Decreases - reduced significantly cholesterol intake Human
non-dialysis CKD patients 0.6g/kg/day of protein. Effects of Low-Protein Diet on lipid and anthropometric profiles of patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative management. low protein diet (LPD) Decreases - reduction total cholesterol Human
non-dialysis CKD patients 0.6g/kg/day of protein. Effects of Low-Protein Diet on lipid and anthropometric profiles of patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative management. low-protein diet (LPD) Decreases - reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (stage 3-4) who adhered to the diet 0.6 g/kg/day (prescribed), actual intake 0.7 ± 0.2 g/kg/day Does Low-Protein Diet Influence the Uremic Toxin Serum Levels From the Gut Microbiota in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients? low-protein diet (LPD) Decreases - reduction in total cholesterol Human
nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (stage 3-4) who adhered to the diet 0.6 g/kg/day (prescribed), actual intake 0.7 ± 0.2 g/kg/day Does Low-Protein Diet Influence the Uremic Toxin Serum Levels From the Gut Microbiota in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients? low protein diet (LPD) Decreases - a reduction in total cholesterol Human
sixty patients affected by advanced CKD Not specified Probiotics-Supplemented Low-Protein Diet for Microbiota Modulation in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (ProLowCKD): Results from a Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. "prudent" diet Decreases - decreased serum-cholesterol-levels Human
patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa "Prudent" diet (20% protein, 35% carbohydrates, 45% fats, PS-factor ~2.2) for 7-10 days; clofibrate (500 mg twice daily) for 14 days. [Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa with a "prudent" diet and clofibrate (author's transl)]. "prudent" diet with clofibrate Decreases - total decrease cholesterol-levels Human
patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa "Prudent" diet (20% protein, 35% carbohydrates, 45% fats, PS-factor ~2.2) for 7-10 days; clofibrate (500 mg twice daily) for 14 days. [Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa with a "prudent" diet and clofibrate (author's transl)]. low-carbohydrate diet pattern Increases - an increase was greater for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Human
Women who completed treatment for breast cancer Not specified (menu and recipe-defined dietary patterns). Effect of dietary patterns differing in carbohydrate and fat content on blood lipid and glucose profiles based on weight-loss success of breast-cancer survivors. low-fat diet pattern Decreases - greater reduction trends were seen for cholesterol cholesterol Human
Women who completed treatment for breast cancer Not specified (menu and recipe-defined dietary patterns). Effect of dietary patterns differing in carbohydrate and fat content on blood lipid and glucose profiles based on weight-loss success of breast-cancer survivors. low-fat diet pattern Decreases - greater reduction trends were seen for LDL cholesterol LDL cholesterol Human
Women who completed treatment for breast cancer Not specified (menu and recipe-defined dietary patterns). Effect of dietary patterns differing in carbohydrate and fat content on blood lipid and glucose profiles based on weight-loss success of breast-cancer survivors. high-fat diet containing barley (HFD-B) Increases - increased fecal cholesterol Animal
six-week-old C57BL/6J mice — Barley intake induces bile acid excretion by reduced expression of intestinal ASBT and NPC1L1 in C57BL/6J mice. high-fat diet containing barley (HFD-B) Decreases - significantly reduced LDL cholesterol concentrations Animal
six-week-old C57BL/6J mice — Barley intake induces bile acid excretion by reduced expression of intestinal ASBT and NPC1L1 in C57BL/6J mice. high-fat diet containing barley (HFD-B) Decreases - significantly reduced Total cholesterol concentrations Animal
six-week-old C57BL/6J mice — Barley intake induces bile acid excretion by reduced expression of intestinal ASBT and NPC1L1 in C57BL/6J mice. soy diet No effect - demonstrated no substantial impact on total cholesterol Human
patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Not specified Soy diet for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 50 gm/day oat bran supplemented diet Decreases - experienced significant decreases cholesterol Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. 50 gm/day oat bran supplemented diet Decreases - decreased energy, fat, and cholesterol intakes Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. 50 gm/day oat bran supplemented diet Decreases - decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. 50 gm/day oat bran supplemented diet Decreases - average decrease total serum cholesterol Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. low-fat, low-cholesterol diet Decreases - experienced significant decreases cholesterol Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. low-fat, low-cholesterol diet Decreases - decreased energy, fat, and cholesterol intakes Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. low-fat, low-cholesterol diet Decreases - decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. low-fat, low-cholesterol diet Decreases - average decrease total serum cholesterol Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. low-fat, low-cholesterol diet plus 50 gm/day oat bran Decreases - experienced significant decreases cholesterol Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. low-fat, low-cholesterol diet plus 50 gm/day oat bran Decreases - decreased energy, fat, and cholesterol intakes Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. low-fat, low-cholesterol diet plus 50 gm/day oat bran Decreases - decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. low-fat, low-cholesterol diet plus 50 gm/day oat bran Decreases - average decrease total serum cholesterol Human
free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB and OB groups) or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (POB group). Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. 6-month Western diet (high-fat, high-sugar) intervention Increases - featured high serum cholesterol levels Human Animal
Male C57 BL6 mice High-fat (30% lard, 0.2% cholesterol, ~57% calories) and sucrose-rich (20%) chow, plus high-sugar solution (23.1 g/L D-fructose, 18.9 g/L D-glucose) Western diet-induced mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with metabolic outcomes: Features of gut microbiome-liver-adipose tissue axis. vegetable fat diet Decreases - was significantly higher total cholesterol (TC) Human
healthy moderately hypercholesterolemic humans Milk fat provided 38% of energy intake in the three dairy-based diets. Effect of milk fat on LDL cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy humans: the INNOVALAIT project. spring milk fat diet Increases - was significantly higher total cholesterol (TC) Human
healthy moderately hypercholesterolemic humans Milk fat provided 38% of energy intake in the three dairy-based diets. Effect of milk fat on LDL cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy humans: the INNOVALAIT project. n-3-rich diet Decreases - decreased Plasma total cholesterol Human
kidney transplant recipients in the DIET group Not specified (diet-based intervention) Effects of a diet rich in N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on systemic inflammation in renal transplant recipients. 1.5% cholesterol with diet Increases - significant increase serum cholesterol Animal
premature male rats (CFG1) — L-Carnitine effect on induced hyperlipidemia on premature rats: fertility profile. whole food plant-based (WFPB) diet with vitamin B12 supplementation Decreases - led to significant improvements BMI, cholesterol and other risk factors Human
subjects with obesity or overweight and at least one of type 2 diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or hypercholesterolaemia Non-energy-restricted WFPB diet with vitamin B12 supplementation; no specific dosage mentioned. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. whole food plant-based (WFPB) diet with vitamin B12 supplementation Decreases - reduction was greater cholesterol Human
subjects with obesity or overweight and at least one of type 2 diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or hypercholesterolaemia Non-energy-restricted WFPB diet with vitamin B12 supplementation; no specific dosage mentioned. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. whole food plant-based (WFPB) diet with vitamin B12 supplementation Decreases - reductions total cholesterol Human
WFPB diet group Non-energy-restricted WFPB diet with vitamin B12 supplementation; no specific dosage mentioned. The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet Decreases - A reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes Not specified Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet Decreases - A reduction in total cholesterol Human
overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes Not specified Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. hypocaloric DASH diet Decreases - A reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes Not specified Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. hypocaloric DASH diet Decreases - A reduction in total cholesterol Human
overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes Not specified Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. low-carbohydrate (LC) non-energy-restricted diet Decreases - had greater reductions in ratio of TAG:HDL-cholesterol Human
overweight or obese Chinese women LC diet started at 20 g/d of carbohydrates, increasing by 10 g weekly; ER diet had 156-205 g/d of carbohydrates with a 35% energy reduction. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiometabolic profile in Chinese women: a randomised controlled feeding trial. low-carbohydrate (LC) non-energy-restricted diet Decreases - had greater reductions in ratio of total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol Human
overweight or obese Chinese women LC diet started at 20 g/d of carbohydrates, increasing by 10 g weekly; ER diet had 156-205 g/d of carbohydrates with a 35% energy reduction. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiometabolic profile in Chinese women: a randomised controlled feeding trial. transition from a Western pattern diet (WPD) to a predominantly whole-food, plant-based diet (PWFPBD) Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
a 47-year-old woman with HER2-positive breast cancer Not specified (whole-food, plant-based diet with or without 16-hour overnight fasting). Plant-Based Diet and IGF-1 Modulation on HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Lifestyle Medicine Nutrition Approach in Oncology. lycopene-rich diet (224-350 mg lycopene/week) Increases - increased lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in HDL(3) Human
moderately overweight, middle-aged individuals Control diet (<10 mg lycopene/week), lycopene-rich diet (224-350 mg lycopene/week), lycopene supplement (70 mg lycopene/week) Lycopene intervention reduces inflammation and improves HDL functionality in moderately overweight middle-aged individuals. lycopene-rich diet (224-350 mg lycopene/week) Increases - increased lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in serum Human
moderately overweight, middle-aged individuals Control diet (<10 mg lycopene/week), lycopene-rich diet (224-350 mg lycopene/week), lycopene supplement (70 mg lycopene/week) Lycopene intervention reduces inflammation and improves HDL functionality in moderately overweight middle-aged individuals. new omega-3 fatty acid and medium-chain triglyceride-rich formula diet Decreases - reduced total cholesterol levels Human
patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia Not specified (formula diet composition details not provided). Successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia with a formula diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. low-carbohydrate diet with physical activity Increases - may improve high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
prostate cancer survivors receiving androgen deprivation therapy Not specified The effect of dietary interventions or patterns on the cardiometabolic health of individuals treated with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: A systematic review. diet enriched with cholesterol Increases - enhances catabolism of liver cholesterol Animal
WT mice — Impaired cholesterol metabolism in the mouse model of cystic fibrosis. A preliminary study. diet enriched with cholesterol Increases - causing an increase intracellular cholesterol Animal
CF mice — Impaired cholesterol metabolism in the mouse model of cystic fibrosis. A preliminary study. diet enriched with cholesterol Decreases - inhibits synthesis of liver cholesterol Animal
WT mice — Impaired cholesterol metabolism in the mouse model of cystic fibrosis. A preliminary study. whey protein powders (30 g/day) and isocaloric weight-loss diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
obese women 30 g/day of whey protein powder. Whey protein supplementation reducing fasting levels of anandamide and 2-AG without weight loss in pre-menopausal women with obesity on a weight-loss diet. 1% cholesterol diet Decreases - significantly decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Animal
male Wistar rats — The mechanism of dietary cholesterol effects on lipids metabolism in rats. 1% cholesterol diet Increases - significantly increased non high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Animal
male Wistar rats — The mechanism of dietary cholesterol effects on lipids metabolism in rats. 1% cholesterol diet Increases - significantly increased total cholesterol levels Animal
male Wistar rats — The mechanism of dietary cholesterol effects on lipids metabolism in rats. SAT diet (rich in saturated fats) Increases - increased non HDL-Cholesterol Human
postmenopausal women Not specified (butter was part of a diet with 38% fat, 20% saturated fat). Impact of the consumption of a rich diet in butter and it replacement for a rich diet in extra virgin olive oil on anthropometric, metabolic and lipid profile in postmenopausal women. biofortified kale diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels Animal
rats Biofortified kale enriched with 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol (exact dosage not specified) Comparative Analysis of Iodine Levels, Biochemical Responses, and Thyroid Gene Expression in Rats Fed Diets with Kale Biofortified with 5,7-Diiodo-8-Quinolinol. balanced hypocaloric almond-enriched diet (AED) Decreases - decreased significantly total cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women with BMI >25 50 g of almonds daily. The effect of almonds on anthropometric measurements and lipid profile in overweight and obese females in a weight reduction program: A randomized controlled clinical trial. balanced hypocaloric almond-enriched diet (AED) Decreases - decreased significantly total: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
overweight and obese women with BMI >25 50 g of almonds daily. The effect of almonds on anthropometric measurements and lipid profile in overweight and obese females in a weight reduction program: A randomized controlled clinical trial. balanced hypocaloric nut-free diet (NFD) Increases - greater increase High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
overweight and obese women with BMI >25 50 g of almonds daily. The effect of almonds on anthropometric measurements and lipid profile in overweight and obese females in a weight reduction program: A randomized controlled clinical trial. balanced hypocaloric nut-free diet (NFD) Decreases - greater reduction low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
overweight and obese women with BMI >25 50 g of almonds daily. The effect of almonds on anthropometric measurements and lipid profile in overweight and obese females in a weight reduction program: A randomized controlled clinical trial. home-delivered diet Increases - showed an increase High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels Human
overweight and obese women Dietary plan composition: 55-60% carbohydrates, 15-20% protein, 25-30% fat. Which is the best diet to reduce cardiometabolic risk: dietary counseling or home-delivered diet? home-delivered diet Increases - greater increase observed High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels Human
overweight and obese women Dietary plan composition: 55-60% carbohydrates, 15-20% protein, 25-30% fat. Which is the best diet to reduce cardiometabolic risk: dietary counseling or home-delivered diet? 100% orange juice (OJ) with reduced-calorie diet (RCD) Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
obese individuals 500 mL/day of 100% orange juice. Orange juice allied to a reduced-calorie diet results in weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related biomarkers: A randomized controlled trial. 100% orange juice (OJ) with reduced-calorie diet (RCD) Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
obese individuals 500 mL/day of 100% orange juice. Orange juice allied to a reduced-calorie diet results in weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related biomarkers: A randomized controlled trial. Energy-Restricted Diet (ERD) No effect - with no increase in LDL-cholesterol LDL-cholesterol Human
Multi-ethnic Asian adults with body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 Net carbohydrate intake limited to ≤50 g per day for the HKD group. Development and Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Healthy Ketogenic Diet Versus Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss in Adults with Obesity. Healthy Ketogenic Diet (HKD) No effect - with no increase in LDL-cholesterol LDL-cholesterol Human
Multi-ethnic Asian adults with body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 Net carbohydrate intake limited to ≤50 g per day for the HKD group. Development and Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial of Healthy Ketogenic Diet Versus Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss in Adults with Obesity. energy-restricted diet Decreases - improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women with PCOS 12 × 10^9 CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. A low glycemic index, energy-restricted diet but not Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplementation changes fecal short-chain fatty acid and serum lipid concentrations in women with overweight or obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. energy-restricted diet Decreases - improved total cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women with PCOS 12 × 10^9 CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. A low glycemic index, energy-restricted diet but not Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplementation changes fecal short-chain fatty acid and serum lipid concentrations in women with overweight or obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. high-protein low-fat diet (HP-LF, with 30% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 20% fat) Decreases - were equally effective in improving low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Human
obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes (DM2) High-protein low-fat diet (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat); low-protein high-fat diet (15% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat). A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. high-protein low-fat diet (HP-LF, with 30% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 20% fat) Decreases - were equally effective in improving total cholesterol Human
obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes (DM2) High-protein low-fat diet (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat); low-protein high-fat diet (15% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat). A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. low-protein high-fat diet (LP-HF, with 15% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 35% fat) Decreases - were equally effective in improving low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Human
obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes (DM2) High-protein low-fat diet (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat); low-protein high-fat diet (15% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat). A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. low-protein high-fat diet (LP-HF, with 15% protein, 50% carbohydrates and 35% fat) Decreases - were equally effective in improving total cholesterol Human
obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes (DM2) High-protein low-fat diet (30% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 20% fat); low-protein high-fat diet (15% protein, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat). A high-protein low-fat diet is more effective in improving blood pressure and triglycerides in calorie-restricted obese individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. VLCHF diet Increases - increased cholesterol esters Human
individuals with overweight and obesity Not specified A lipidomic and metabolomic signature of a very low-carbohydrate high-fat diet and high-intensity interval training: an additional analysis of a randomized controlled clinical trial. cholesterol-lowering diet Decreases - is more effective in reducing ischaemic heart disease and lowering cholesterol Human
children and adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia Not specified Dietary interventions (plant sterols, stanols, omega-3 fatty acids, soy protein and dietary fibers) for familial hypercholesterolaemia. diet with a low AGEs content Decreases - significant reduction total cholesterol Human
adults Not specified The Impact of Low Advanced Glycation End Products Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. very-low-fat (10% fat) vegan diet supplemented with soy protein and lifestyle changes Decreases - significantly decreased intake cholesterol Human
early-stage prostate cancer patients Very-low-fat (10% fat) vegan diet supplemented with soy protein (specific dosage not detailed). A very-low-fat vegan diet increases intake of protective dietary factors and decreases intake of pathogenic dietary factors. MSG + ketogenic diet Increases - showed a significant increase cholesterol Animal
male rats — Ketogenic diet improves and restores redox status and biochemical indices in monosodium glutamate-induced rat testicular toxicity. ketogenic diet Increases - showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) cholesterol Animal
male rats — Ketogenic diet improves and restores redox status and biochemical indices in monosodium glutamate-induced rat testicular toxicity. modification of usual diet characterized by salt restriction combined with energy intake restriction Decreases - effective by decreasing total cholesterol Human
116 treated or not primary hypertensive out-patients Not specified Importance of weight loss and sodium restriction in the treatment of mild and moderate essential hypertension. hypolipidic diet Decreases - showed a significant reduction LDL cholesterol Human
patients affected by hyperlipidemia (group D) Not specified Hypolipidic diet and phytosubstance supplement in hypercholesterolemia. hypolipidic diet Decreases - showed a significant reduction total cholesterol Human
patients affected by hyperlipidemia (group D) Not specified Hypolipidic diet and phytosubstance supplement in hypercholesterolemia. hypolipidic diet and supplement (red yeast, guggulsterones, flavonoid, sylimarin) Decreases - showed a significant reduction LDL cholesterol Human
patients affected by hyperlipidemia (group E) Not specified Hypolipidic diet and phytosubstance supplement in hypercholesterolemia. hypolipidic diet and supplement (red yeast, guggulsterones, flavonoid, sylimarin) Decreases - showed a significant reduction total cholesterol Human
patients affected by hyperlipidemia (group E) Not specified Hypolipidic diet and phytosubstance supplement in hypercholesterolemia. L4 diet (dairy products containing 63.3% SFA/4.06% R-TFA) Decreases - contributed to reduce LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol Human
healthy volunteers 55 g fat per day, delivered via butter, dessert cream, and cookies. Differential impact of milk fatty acid profiles on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy men and women. L4 diet (dairy products containing 63.3% SFA/4.06% R-TFA) Decreases - contributed to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol Human
healthy volunteers 55 g fat per day, delivered via butter, dessert cream, and cookies. Differential impact of milk fatty acid profiles on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy men and women. L4 diet (dairy products containing 63.3% SFA/4.06% R-TFA) Decreases - contributed to reduce total cholesterol Human
healthy volunteers 55 g fat per day, delivered via butter, dessert cream, and cookies. Differential impact of milk fatty acid profiles on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy men and women. L4 diet (dairy products containing 63.3% SFA/4.06% R-TFA) Decreases - contributed to reduce total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol Human
healthy volunteers 55 g fat per day, delivered via butter, dessert cream, and cookies. Differential impact of milk fatty acid profiles on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy men and women. L0 diet (dairy products containing 72% SFA/2.85% R-TFA) No effect - were not significantly altered Plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol Human
healthy volunteers 55 g fat per day, delivered via butter, dessert cream, and cookies. Differential impact of milk fatty acid profiles on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy men and women. replacement diet with products made with organic ancient khorasan wheat Decreases - reduction in LDL cholesterol Human
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients — A khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a randomized crossover trial. replacement diet with products made with organic ancient khorasan wheat Decreases - reduction in total cholesterol Human
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients — A khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a randomized crossover trial. almond diet (ALD) Decreases - were lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese individuals aged 30 to 70 years 42.5 g/d of almonds. Effects of Dark Chocolate and Almonds on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial. almond diet (ALD) Decreases - were lower non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese individuals aged 30 to 70 years 42.5 g/d of almonds. Effects of Dark Chocolate and Almonds on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial. almond diet (ALD) Decreases - were lower total cholesterol Human
overweight and obese individuals aged 30 to 70 years 42.5 g/d of almonds. Effects of Dark Chocolate and Almonds on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial. walnut diet Decreases - produced mean changes of LDL cholesterol level Human
men and women with polygenic hypercholesterolemia Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. walnut diet Decreases - mean differences in the changes LDL cholesterol level Human
men and women with polygenic hypercholesterolemia Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. walnut diet Decreases - produced mean changes of total cholesterol level Human
men and women with polygenic hypercholesterolemia Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. walnut diet Decreases - mean differences in the changes total cholesterol level Human
men and women with polygenic hypercholesterolemia Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Substituting walnuts for part of the mono-unsaturated fat in a cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet Decreases - further reduced LDL cholesterol levels Human
men and women with hypercholesterolemia Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Substituting walnuts for part of the mono-unsaturated fat in a cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet Decreases - further reduced total cholesterol levels Human
men and women with hypercholesterolemia Walnuts replaced approximately 35% of the energy obtained from monounsaturated fat. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. cocoa extract supplemented meals within a hypocaloric diet Decreases - showed a higher reduction oxidised LDL cholesterol (oxLDL) Human
middle-aged overweight/obese subjects 1.4 g cocoa extract (645.3 mg polyphenols) daily, incorporated into meals. Oxidised LDL levels decreases after the consumption of ready-to-eat meals supplemented with cocoa extract within a hypocaloric diet. high-fat diet (HFD) Increases - exhibited increased cholesterol Animal
mice — Prebiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behavior in HFD-fed mice. high-fat diet (HFD) Decreases - significant reduction cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase enzyme Animal
hypercholestremic adult male rats — High-fat diet induced alteration in lipid enzymes and inflammation in cardiac and brain tissues: Assessment of the effects of Atorvastatin-loaded nanoparticles. high-fat diet Increases - led to an increase cholesterol content in the cell membrane Animal
male SD rats — Effect of high-fat diet on cholesterol metabolism in rats and its association with Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase/Src/pERK signaling pathway. high-fat diet Increases - led to an increase cholesterol content in the cytoplasm Animal
male SD rats — Effect of high-fat diet on cholesterol metabolism in rats and its association with Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase/Src/pERK signaling pathway. high-fat diet Increases - was elevated ratio of cholesterol content in cytoplasm to that in cell membrane Animal
male SD rats — Effect of high-fat diet on cholesterol metabolism in rats and its association with Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase/Src/pERK signaling pathway. high-fat diet Increases - promoted cholesterol excretion Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats. high-fat diet Increases - promoted cholesterol synthesis Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats. high-fat diet No effect - lead to a balance of hepatic cholesterol Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats. high-fat diet Increases - increased Serum low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — Dietary Betaine Addition Promotes Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis, Bile Acid Conversion, and Export in Rats. high fat diet Increases - resulted in cholesterol gallstone (CG) formation Animal
male C57BL/6 mice 100 mg/kg/day administered via gavage. Resveratrol prevents gallstones in mice fed on a high fat diet via regulating PPAR-γ and SR-BI. high-fat diet (HFD) Increases - increased circulating levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Animal
C57BL/6J mice 100 mg/kg body weight/day Resveratrol ameliorates high‑fat diet‑induced insulin resistance via the DDIT4/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle. high-fat diet (HFD) Increases - increased circulating levels of total cholesterol Animal
C57BL/6J mice 100 mg/kg body weight/day Resveratrol ameliorates high‑fat diet‑induced insulin resistance via the DDIT4/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle. high-fat diet (HFD) No effect - interact with each other to influence expression of hepatic cholesterol metabolic genes Animal
adult offspring rats — Influencing factors, underlying mechanism and interactions affecting hypercholesterolemia in adult offspring with caffeine exposure during pregnancy. high-fat diet (HFD) No effect - interact with each other to influence serum cholesterol phenotype Animal
adult offspring rats — Influencing factors, underlying mechanism and interactions affecting hypercholesterolemia in adult offspring with caffeine exposure during pregnancy. high-fat diet (51% kcal fat, HFC) Increases - had significantly higher fasting serum levels of LDL cholesterol Human Animal Molecular
Sprague-Dawley rats 150 mg/day (human study). High molecular weight poly-gamma-glutamic acid regulates lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and humans. high-fat diet (51% kcal fat, HFC) Increases - had significantly higher fasting serum levels of LDL cholesterol Human Animal Molecular
Sprague-Dawley rats 150 mg/day (human study). High molecular weight poly-gamma-glutamic acid regulates lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and humans. high-fat diet (51% kcal fat, HFC) Increases - had significantly higher fasting serum levels of total cholesterol Human Animal Molecular
Sprague-Dawley rats 150 mg/day (human study). High molecular weight poly-gamma-glutamic acid regulates lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and humans. high-fat diet (51% kcal fat, HFC) Increases - had significantly higher fasting serum levels of total cholesterol Human Animal Molecular
Sprague-Dawley rats 150 mg/day (human study). High molecular weight poly-gamma-glutamic acid regulates lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and humans. high-fat diet (51% kcal fat, HFC) Decreases - had lower serum HDL cholesterol level Human Animal Molecular
Sprague-Dawley rats 150 mg/day (human study). High molecular weight poly-gamma-glutamic acid regulates lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and humans. high-fat diet (51% kcal fat, HFC) Decreases - had lower serum HDL cholesterol level Human Animal Molecular
Sprague-Dawley rats 150 mg/day (human study). High molecular weight poly-gamma-glutamic acid regulates lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet and humans. high-fat diet (40% energy) No effect - no genetic effect on changes HDL cholesterol concentrations Human
overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) with LIPC A allele High-fat diet (40% energy), low-fat diet (20% energy). Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial. high-fat diet (40% energy) Increases - opposite effect was evident LDL cholesterol concentrations Human
overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) with LIPC A allele High-fat diet (40% energy), low-fat diet (20% energy). Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial. high-fat diet (40% energy) Increases - opposite effect was evident serum total cholesterol concentrations Human
overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) with LIPC A allele High-fat diet (40% energy), low-fat diet (20% energy). Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial. low-fat diet (20% energy) Increases - lower increase HDL cholesterol concentrations Human
overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) with LIPC A allele High-fat diet (40% energy), low-fat diet (20% energy). Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial. low-fat diet (20% energy) Decreases - tended to be related to the decrease LDL cholesterol concentrations Human
overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) with LIPC A allele High-fat diet (40% energy), low-fat diet (20% energy). Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial. low-fat diet (20% energy) Decreases - tended to be related to the decrease serum total cholesterol concentrations Human
overweight or obese adults aged 30-70 y (61% women) with LIPC A allele High-fat diet (40% energy), low-fat diet (20% energy). Dietary Fat Intake Modifies the Effect of a Common Variant in the LIPC Gene on Changes in Serum Lipid Concentrations during a Long-Term Weight-Loss Intervention Trial. high-fat diet Increases - exhibited hepatic cholesterol accumulation Animal Molecular
Male C57BL/6J mice — Folic acid supplementation during high-fat diet feeding restores AMPK activation via an AMP-LKB1-dependent mechanism. high-fat diet (HFD) Decreases - significantly lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Animal
Rats (Group 2) — Effects of Honey on Postprandial Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats: Role of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition and Antioxidant Effect. high-fat diet (HFD) Increases - significantly higher low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Animal
Rats (Group 2) — Effects of Honey on Postprandial Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats: Role of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition and Antioxidant Effect. high-fat diet (HFD) Increases - significantly higher total cholesterol (TC) Animal
Rats (Group 2) — Effects of Honey on Postprandial Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats: Role of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition and Antioxidant Effect. high-fat diet (HFD) Increases - significantly higher very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol Animal
Rats (Group 2) — Effects of Honey on Postprandial Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats: Role of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition and Antioxidant Effect. high-fat-diet (HFD) Increases - led to significant increases in levels high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Animal
mice Not specified (low-dose treatment mentioned but exact dosage not provided). Effects of α-Galactooligosaccharides from Chickpeas on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice. high-fat-diet (HFD) Increases - led to significant increases in levels low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Animal
mice Not specified (low-dose treatment mentioned but exact dosage not provided). Effects of α-Galactooligosaccharides from Chickpeas on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice. high-fat-diet (HFD) Increases - led to significant increases in levels total cholesterol Animal
mice Not specified (low-dose treatment mentioned but exact dosage not provided). Effects of α-Galactooligosaccharides from Chickpeas on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice. high-fat diet (37% energy from fat and 50% from carbohydrates) Increases - significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
12 nonobese healthy men with normal plasma lipid profile High-fat diet (37% energy from fat, 50% from carbohydrates) and low-fat diet (25% energy from fat, 62% from carbohydrates). Effect of short-term low- and high-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein particle size in normolipidemic subjects. high-fat diet (37% energy from fat and 50% from carbohydrates) Increases - significantly increased LDL cholesterol Human
12 nonobese healthy men with normal plasma lipid profile High-fat diet (37% energy from fat, 50% from carbohydrates) and low-fat diet (25% energy from fat, 62% from carbohydrates). Effect of short-term low- and high-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein particle size in normolipidemic subjects. high-fat diet (37% energy from fat and 50% from carbohydrates) Increases - significantly increased plasma cholesterol Human
12 nonobese healthy men with normal plasma lipid profile High-fat diet (37% energy from fat, 50% from carbohydrates) and low-fat diet (25% energy from fat, 62% from carbohydrates). Effect of short-term low- and high-fat diets on low-density lipoprotein particle size in normolipidemic subjects. high fat diet (HFD) Increases - significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Animal
obese rats Not specified Effect of caffeine-chitosan nanoparticles and α-lipoic acid on the cardiovascular changes induced in rat model of obesity. high fat diet (HFD) Decreases - significantly reduced serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Animal
obese rats Not specified Effect of caffeine-chitosan nanoparticles and α-lipoic acid on the cardiovascular changes induced in rat model of obesity. high fat diet (HFD) Increases - significantly increased total cholesterol (TC) Animal
obese rats Not specified Effect of caffeine-chitosan nanoparticles and α-lipoic acid on the cardiovascular changes induced in rat model of obesity. high fat diet (HFD) Increases - significantly increased very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) Animal
obese rats Not specified Effect of caffeine-chitosan nanoparticles and α-lipoic acid on the cardiovascular changes induced in rat model of obesity. High fat diet Increases - increased mice body weight, epididymal fat, and hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents Animal
mice — Histidine and carnosine alleviated hepatic steatosis in mice consumed high saturated fat diet. high-fat diet (HF) Increases - exhibited high plasma and liver total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Animal
Female C57BL/6 mice Not specified Reduction of lauric acid content in virgin coconut oil improved plasma lipid profile in high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice. high-fat diet (HFD) Increases - induced significantly increased levels serum levels of total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Animal
albino Wister rats — l-Carnitine-induced amelioration of HFD-induced hepatic dysfunction is accompanied by a reduction in hepatic TNF-α and TGF-β1. High fat diet (HFD) (20 g/day) Increases - were enhanced significantly serum total cholesterol Animal
Wistar rats 200 mg/kg orally per day Evaluation of antiobesity and cardioprotective effect of Gymnema sylvestre extract in murine model. high fat diet Increases - significantly increased serum total cholesterol Animal
Wistar albino rats — Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Aloe succotrina in Rats: Possibly Mediated by Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase. high-fat diet Increases - increase total cholesterol level Animal Molecular
mice — Identification of miR-185 as a regulator of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and low density lipoprotein uptake. pellet diet containing P. eryngii var. ferulae DDL01 (PD) Increases - caused a significant increase level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human Animal Molecular
high-fat/high-cholesterol-induced hyperlipidemic rat model 7.5 g/rat/day of pellet diet containing King Oyster. In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Hypolipidemic Effects of the King Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae DDL01 (Agaricomycetes), in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Fatty Liver and Hyperlipidemia. pellet diet containing P. eryngii var. ferulae DDL01 (PD) Decreases - caused a significant decrease levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human Animal Molecular
high-fat/high-cholesterol-induced hyperlipidemic rat model 7.5 g/rat/day of pellet diet containing King Oyster. In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Hypolipidemic Effects of the King Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae DDL01 (Agaricomycetes), in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Fatty Liver and Hyperlipidemia. pellet diet containing P. eryngii var. ferulae DDL01 (PD) Decreases - caused a significant decrease levels of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human Animal Molecular
high-fat/high-cholesterol-induced hyperlipidemic rat model 7.5 g/rat/day of pellet diet containing King Oyster. In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Hypolipidemic Effects of the King Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae DDL01 (Agaricomycetes), in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Fatty Liver and Hyperlipidemia. high-protein/low-carbohydrate hypocaloric diet (diet HP) Decreases - showed significant improvement cholesterol levels Human
obese patients with CC genotype Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months. high-protein/low-carbohydrate hypocaloric diet (diet HP) Decreases - showed significant improvement LDL-cholesterol levels Human
obese patients with CC genotype Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months. standard severe hypocaloric diet (diet S) Decreases - showed significant improvement LDL-cholesterol levels Human
obese patients with CC genotype Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months. standard severe hypocaloric diet (diet S) Decreases - showed significant improvement total cholesterol levels Human
obese patients with CC genotype Diet HP: 33% carbohydrates (86.1 g/day), 33% fat (39.0 g/day), 34% protein (88.6 g/day). Diet S: 1093 cal/day, 53% carbohydrates (144.3 g/day), 27% fat (32.6 g/day), 20% protein (55.6 g/day). Adiponectin gene variant rs266729 interacts with different macronutrient distributions of two different hypocaloric diets during nine months. withdrawal from high-sucrose diet (HSD replacement by standard chow) Decreases - showed reduced fasting serum levels of total cholesterol Animal
HS/CT rats 34.3% protein in diet. Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats. high-protein diet (HPD, 34.3% protein) Decreases - showed reduced fasting serum levels of total cholesterol Animal
HS/HP rats 34.3% protein in diet. Long-term high-protein diet intake reverts weight gain and attenuates metabolic dysfunction on high-sucrose-fed adult rats. high-mono high-GI diet Increases - was higher HDL-cholesterol Human
variably controlled NIDDM subjects Not specified (diets contained 35% fat as monounsaturated fat). Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. high-GI diet Decreases - was lower HDL-cholesterol Human
variably controlled NIDDM subjects Not specified (diets contained 35% fat as monounsaturated fat). Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. low-GI diet Increases - was higher HDL-cholesterol Human
variably controlled NIDDM subjects Not specified (diets contained 35% fat as monounsaturated fat). Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. carbohydrate-rich (CHO) diet Decreases - similar lowering effects low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol Human
first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects. carbohydrate-rich (CHO) diet Decreases - similar lowering effects total cholesterol Human
first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects. diet rich in olive oil (MUFA diet) Increases - slightly higher levels high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol Human
first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects. diet rich in olive oil (MUFA diet) Decreases - similar lowering effects low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol Human
first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects. diet rich in olive oil (MUFA diet) Decreases - similar lowering effects total cholesterol Human
first-degree relatives of Type-2 DM patients 55% of energy from carbohydrates, 30% from fat, 15% from protein (CHO diet). Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects. hypoenergetic diet (DI) and walking program Decreases - significantly improved LDL cholesterol Human
overweight and obese participants 2.5 hours of walking per week. Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. hypoenergetic diet (DI) and walking program Decreases - significantly improved non-HDL cholesterol Human
overweight and obese participants 2.5 hours of walking per week. Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. hypoenergetic diet (DI) only Decreases - significantly improved LDL cholesterol Human
overweight and obese participants 2.5 hours of walking per week. Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. hypoenergetic diet (DI) only Decreases - significantly improved non-HDL cholesterol Human
overweight and obese participants 2.5 hours of walking per week. Moderate Walking Enhances the Effects of an Energy-Restricted Diet on Fat Mass Loss and Serum Insulin in Overweight and Obese Adults in a 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. diet (1.651.34 ± 263.25 kcal; 47% carbohydrates, 28% lipids, 25% proteins, 30 g fibers) and nutritional orientation Decreases - presented a reduction total cholesterol Human
outpatients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Not specified for alanine; overall diet composition was 1,651.34 ± 263.25 kcal, 25% proteins. Effects of Dietary Intervention on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic-Nutritional Profile of Outpatients with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: a Randomized Clinical Trial. rapeseed oil-enriched diet No effect - remained virtually unchanged HDL cholesterol Human
healthy subjects Not specified (used for cooking and as table margarine). Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil. rapeseed oil-enriched diet Decreases - decreased significantly LDL cholesterol Human
healthy subjects Not specified (used for cooking and as table margarine). Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil. rapeseed oil-enriched diet Decreases - decreased significantly serum cholesterol Human
healthy subjects Not specified (used for cooking and as table margarine). Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil. sunflower oil-enriched diet No effect - remained virtually unchanged HDL cholesterol Human
healthy subjects Not specified (used for cooking and as table margarine). Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil. sunflower oil-enriched diet Decreases - decreased significantly LDL cholesterol Human
healthy subjects Not specified (used for cooking and as table margarine). Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil. sunflower oil-enriched diet Decreases - decreased significantly serum cholesterol Human
healthy subjects Not specified (used for cooking and as table margarine). Similar serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects on diets enriched with rapeseed and with sunflower oil. high-CHO diet Decreases - induced significant and comparable reductions low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
sixty-three men 58% of energy as carbohydrates (ad libitum consumption) Variations in body composition and plasma lipids in response to a high-carbohydrate diet. high-CHO diet No effect - changes in waist circumference were significantly associated with changes low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
high-CHO group 58% of energy as carbohydrates (ad libitum consumption) Variations in body composition and plasma lipids in response to a high-carbohydrate diet. high-CHO diet Decreases - induced significant and comparable reductions total plasma cholesterol levels Human
sixty-three men 58% of energy as carbohydrates (ad libitum consumption) Variations in body composition and plasma lipids in response to a high-carbohydrate diet. high-MUFA diet Decreases - induced significant and comparable reductions low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
sixty-three men 58% of energy as carbohydrates (ad libitum consumption) Variations in body composition and plasma lipids in response to a high-carbohydrate diet. high-MUFA diet No effect - changes in waist circumference were not associated with changes low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
high-MUFA group 58% of energy as carbohydrates (ad libitum consumption) Variations in body composition and plasma lipids in response to a high-carbohydrate diet. high-MUFA diet Increases - had more beneficial effects plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
sixty-three men 58% of energy as carbohydrates (ad libitum consumption) Variations in body composition and plasma lipids in response to a high-carbohydrate diet. high-MUFA diet Decreases - induced significant and comparable reductions total plasma cholesterol levels Human
sixty-three men 58% of energy as carbohydrates (ad libitum consumption) Variations in body composition and plasma lipids in response to a high-carbohydrate diet. low-calorie lacto-ovo vegetarian diet Decreases - significant differences low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight omnivores with a low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk profile Not specified (low-calorie diets). Low-Calorie Vegetarian Versus Mediterranean Diets for Reducing Body Weight and Improving Cardiovascular Risk Profile: CARDIVEG Study (Cardiovascular Prevention With Vegetarian Diet). low-calorie lacto-ovo vegetarian diet Decreases - more effective in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
overweight omnivores with a low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk profile Not specified (low-calorie diets). Low-Calorie Vegetarian Versus Mediterranean Diets for Reducing Body Weight and Improving Cardiovascular Risk Profile: CARDIVEG Study (Cardiovascular Prevention With Vegetarian Diet). supplementing biogenic selenium (Se) from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, ADS18 (ADS18) in laying hens' diet Decreases - had significantly (P < 0.05) lower cholesterol levels Animal
laying hens Basal diet contained 100 mg/kg VE. Effects of supplementation of different selenium sources on lipid profile, selenium, and vitamin E concentration of yolk. ginger plus an anti-inflammatory diet Increases - increased significantly high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol Human
children with obesity aged 8-11 years AID included fruits, vegetables, fish, lean meats, omega-3 sources, nuts, legumes, and probiotic products, with elimination of inflammatory foods. Ginger dosage was 1000 mg/day. Combination of the effect of ginger and anti-inflammatory diet on children with obesity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial. ginger plus an anti-inflammatory diet Decreases - significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol Human
children with obesity aged 8-11 years AID included fruits, vegetables, fish, lean meats, omega-3 sources, nuts, legumes, and probiotic products, with elimination of inflammatory foods. Ginger dosage was 1000 mg/day. Combination of the effect of ginger and anti-inflammatory diet on children with obesity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial. ginger plus an anti-inflammatory diet Decreases - significantly decreased total cholesterol Human
children with obesity aged 8-11 years AID included fruits, vegetables, fish, lean meats, omega-3 sources, nuts, legumes, and probiotic products, with elimination of inflammatory foods. Ginger dosage was 1000 mg/day. Combination of the effect of ginger and anti-inflammatory diet on children with obesity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial. monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet Increases - were significantly higher HDL3 cholesterol Human
Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation. monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet Increases - were significantly higher HDL cholesterol Human
Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation. monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet No effect - were not significantly different LDL cholesterol Human
Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation. monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil (MO) diet No effect - were not significantly different Total cholesterol Human
Fourteen healthy males 35 to 55 years of age and 14 healthy postmenopausal women 50 to 60 years of age 40-42% of energy from fat (26-28% from monounsaturated fat) in the sunflower oil diet. Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation. a diet rich in legumes other than soy Decreases - decreases LDL cholesterol Human
— Not specified (dietary intervention, not quantified). Non-soy legume consumption lowers cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. a diet rich in legumes other than soy Decreases - decreases total cholesterol Human
— Not specified (dietary intervention, not quantified). Non-soy legume consumption lowers cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet No effect - were similar HDL-cholesterol levels Human
free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet No effect - were similar LDL-cholesterol levels Human
free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet No effect - were similar total cholesterol levels Human
free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet Decreases - lowered VLDL-cholesterol Human
free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet No effect - were similar HDL-cholesterol levels Human
free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet No effect - were similar LDL-cholesterol levels Human
free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet No effect - were similar total cholesterol levels Human
free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus MUFA diet (40% energy from fat, primarily virgin olive oil). Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat Decreases - resulted in significantly less high-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
subjects with hypercholesterolemia Low-fat diet (26% of energy from fat) supplemented with olive oil and olive oil-based margarine. A low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat results in less HDL-C lowering than a very-low-fat diet. low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat Decreases - resulted in significant reductions low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
subjects with hypercholesterolemia Low-fat diet (26% of energy from fat) supplemented with olive oil and olive oil-based margarine. A low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat results in less HDL-C lowering than a very-low-fat diet. low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat Decreases - resulted in significant reductions total cholesterol Human
subjects with hypercholesterolemia Low-fat diet (26% of energy from fat) supplemented with olive oil and olive oil-based margarine. A low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat results in less HDL-C lowering than a very-low-fat diet. very-low-fat diet Decreases - resulted in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
subjects with hypercholesterolemia Low-fat diet (26% of energy from fat) supplemented with olive oil and olive oil-based margarine. A low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat results in less HDL-C lowering than a very-low-fat diet. very-low-fat diet Decreases - resulted in significant reductions low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
subjects with hypercholesterolemia Low-fat diet (26% of energy from fat) supplemented with olive oil and olive oil-based margarine. A low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat results in less HDL-C lowering than a very-low-fat diet. very-low-fat diet Decreases - resulted in significant reductions total cholesterol Human
subjects with hypercholesterolemia Low-fat diet (26% of energy from fat) supplemented with olive oil and olive oil-based margarine. A low-fat diet supplemented with monounsaturated fat results in less HDL-C lowering than a very-low-fat diet. oat bran within a practical range of intake added to a fat-modified diet Decreases - significantly reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
— 35-50 g oat bran daily. Effect of an oat bran enriched diet on the atherogenic lipid profile in patients with an increased coronary heart disease risk. A controlled randomized lifestyle intervention study. oat bran within a practical range of intake added to a fat-modified diet Decreases - significantly reduces total cholesterol Human
— 35-50 g oat bran daily. Effect of an oat bran enriched diet on the atherogenic lipid profile in patients with an increased coronary heart disease risk. A controlled randomized lifestyle intervention study. cottonseed oil (CSO; PUFA rich) diet enrichment Decreases - greater reductions fasting serum total cholesterol Human
hypercholesterolemic adults 30% of daily energy needs from either CSO or OO, provided via meals and snacks covering ~60% of daily energy requirements. Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared With Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial. cottonseed oil (CSO; PUFA rich) diet enrichment Decreases - greater reductions LDL cholesterol Human
hypercholesterolemic adults 30% of daily energy needs from either CSO or OO, provided via meals and snacks covering ~60% of daily energy requirements. Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared With Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial. cottonseed oil (CSO; PUFA rich) diet enrichment Decreases - greater reductions non-HDL cholesterol Human
hypercholesterolemic adults 30% of daily energy needs from either CSO or OO, provided via meals and snacks covering ~60% of daily energy requirements. Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared With Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial. 8-week diet intervention rich in either cottonseed oil (CSO) or olive oil (OO) Increases - increases HDL cholesterol Human
hypercholesterolemic adults 30% of daily energy needs from either CSO or OO, provided via meals and snacks covering ~60% of daily energy requirements. Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared With Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial. 8-week diet intervention rich in either cottonseed oil (CSO) or olive oil (OO) Decreases - decreases TC:HDL-cholesterol ratio Human
hypercholesterolemic adults 30% of daily energy needs from either CSO or OO, provided via meals and snacks covering ~60% of daily energy requirements. Blood Lipid Responses to Diets Enriched with Cottonseed Oil Compared With Olive Oil in Adults with High Cholesterol in a Randomized Trial. high-Ca fat-free milk phase (MD) (prescription of approximately 1500 mg of Ca/d) in an energy-restricted diet Decreases - decreased LDL-cholesterol Human
individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and low habitual Ca consumption (<600 mg/d) Approximately 1200 mg/d (700 mg from fat-free milk + 500 mg from other dietary sources) for MD; 525 mg/d for CD. Effect of increased calcium consumption from fat-free milk in an energy-restricted diet on the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised cross-over clinical trial. high-Ca fat-free milk phase (MD) (prescription of approximately 1500 mg of Ca/d) in an energy-restricted diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and low habitual Ca consumption (<600 mg/d) Approximately 1200 mg/d (700 mg from fat-free milk + 500 mg from other dietary sources) for MD; 525 mg/d for CD. Effect of increased calcium consumption from fat-free milk in an energy-restricted diet on the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised cross-over clinical trial. conventional diabetes diet Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
individuals with type 2 diabetes Not specified A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. conventional diabetes diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
individuals with type 2 diabetes Not specified A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. low-fat vegan diet Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
individuals with type 2 diabetes Not specified A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. low-fat vegan diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
individuals with type 2 diabetes Not specified A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial. high-glycemic index diet Decreases - significantly lowered LDL cholesterol Human
type 2 diabetic patients Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients. low-glycemic index diet Decreases - significantly lowered LDL cholesterol Human
type 2 diabetic patients Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients. low-glycemic index diet Decreases - significantly more pronounced reduction LDL cholesterol Human
type 2 diabetic patients Preweighed diets with different GIs (specific amounts not detailed). Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients. healthy diet with regional foods alongside 1 kg of P. ostreatus per week Decreases - decreased cholesterol levels Human
women 1 kg of Pleurotus ostreatus per week (four portions of 250 g). Dietary Supplementation with Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Agaricomycetes), Reduces Visceral Fat and Hyperlipidemia in Inhabitants of a Rural Community in Mexico. high-lipid diet Increases - significantly upregulated total cholesterol (TC) levels Animal
zebrafish (Danio rerio) Not specified The Potential Role of Intestinal Microbiota on the Intestine-Protective and Lipid-Lowering Effects of Berberine in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Under High-Lipid Stress. HF, high-energy diet of 3 days Increases - increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
eleven male volunteers Not specified (HF yogurt supplement used). Gastrointestinal transit, post-prandial lipaemia and satiety following 3 days high-fat diet in men. HF, high-energy diet of 3 days Decreases - reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
eleven male volunteers Not specified (HF yogurt supplement used). Gastrointestinal transit, post-prandial lipaemia and satiety following 3 days high-fat diet in men. HF, high-energy diet of 3 days Decreases - reduced total cholesterol Human
eleven male volunteers Not specified (HF yogurt supplement used). Gastrointestinal transit, post-prandial lipaemia and satiety following 3 days high-fat diet in men. low-fat diet with >2 prot% increase Decreases - showed the greatest reduction cholesterol Human
participants on a low-fat diet who had increased the percentage energy intake from protein 600 kcal energy-deficient diets (low-fat: 20-25% fat; high-fat: 40-45% fat). Change in proportional protein intake in a 10-week energy-restricted low- or high-fat diet, in relation to changes in body size and metabolic factors. low-fat diet with >2 prot% increase Decreases - reduced cholesterol more cholesterol Human
obese adults 600 kcal energy-deficient diets (low-fat: 20-25% fat; high-fat: 40-45% fat). Change in proportional protein intake in a 10-week energy-restricted low- or high-fat diet, in relation to changes in body size and metabolic factors. sumac capsules (3 g/day) with a balanced diet Decreases - significant decrease total cholesterol Human
overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 3 g/day (capsule form). The efficacy of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) powder supplementation in biochemical and anthropometric measurements in overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Simvastatin treatment with olive oil diet Decreases - decreased significantly more LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio Human
olive oil-group Not specified for sunflower oil (habitual culinary use). Olive oil-diet improves the simvastatin effects with respect to sunflower oil-diet in men with increased cardiovascular risk: a preliminary study. Simvastatin treatment with olive oil diet Decreases - decreased more TC/HDL-cholesterol ratio Human
olive oil-group Not specified for sunflower oil (habitual culinary use). Olive oil-diet improves the simvastatin effects with respect to sunflower oil-diet in men with increased cardiovascular risk: a preliminary study. Simvastatin treatment with olive oil diet Decreases - decreased significantly more TC/HDL-cholesterol ratio Human
olive oil-group Not specified for sunflower oil (habitual culinary use). Olive oil-diet improves the simvastatin effects with respect to sunflower oil-diet in men with increased cardiovascular risk: a preliminary study. high-fat diet intake (40% of energy derived from fat) Increases - had a greater increase HDL cholesterol Human
participants with the G allele Diets with 20% (low-fat) or 40% (high-fat) of energy derived from fat APOA5 genotype modulates 2-y changes in lipid profile in response to weight-loss diet intervention: the Pounds Lost Trial. low-fat diet intake (20% of energy derived from fat) Decreases - exhibited greater reductions LDL cholesterol Human
carriers of the risk allele (G allele) Diets with 20% (low-fat) or 40% (high-fat) of energy derived from fat APOA5 genotype modulates 2-y changes in lipid profile in response to weight-loss diet intervention: the Pounds Lost Trial. FRBPH diet Decreases - lowest expression levels of hepatic genes for cholesterol biosynthesis HMG-CoAR Animal
mice on high fat diets — Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. FRBPH diet Decreases - lowest expression levels of hepatic genes for cholesterol biosynthesis SREBP-2 Animal
mice on high fat diets — Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. FRBPH diet Increases - increased fecal total cholesterol content Animal
mice on high fat diets — Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. FRBPH diet Decreases - reduced hepatic total cholesterol content Animal
mice on high fat diets — Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. FRBPH diet Decreases - reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) content Animal
mice on high fat diets — Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. FRBPH diet Decreases - reduced Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) content Animal
mice on high fat diets — Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets. Brazilian Cardioprotective diet (DICA Br) supplemented with 30 g/day of mixed nuts (10 g of peanuts; 10 g of cashew; 10 g of Brazil nuts) No effect - no significant difference was found low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations Human
patients with previous myocardial infarction 30 g/day (10 g peanuts, 10 g cashew, 10 g Brazil nuts). Effects of mixed nuts as part of a Brazilian Cardioprotective diet on LDL-cholesterol in adult patients after myocardial infarction: a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. WG rye diet Decreases - lowered LDL cholesterol Human
men with MetS risk profile 280 mg SDG (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside) supplemented with the rye diet at weeks 4-8. Effects of whole-grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. WG rye diet Decreases - lowered total cholesterol Human
men with MetS risk profile 280 mg SDG (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside) supplemented with the rye diet at weeks 4-8. Effects of whole-grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. avocado diet (AV) Decreases - reduction in non-HDL cholesterol was greater non-HDL cholesterol Human
45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial. lower-fat diet (LF) Decreases - reduction in non-HDL cholesterol non-HDL cholesterol Human
45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial. moderate-fat diet (MF) Decreases - reduction in non-HDL cholesterol non-HDL cholesterol Human
45 overweight or obese participants with baseline LDL-C in the 25th to 90th percentile One fresh Hass avocado (136 g) per day. Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial. regular diet of Poles (RD) Increases - featured the highest content cholesterol Human
Poles Not specified The Change in the Content of Nutrients in Diets Eliminating Products of Animal Origin in Comparison to a Regular Diet from the Area of Middle-Eastern Europe. VEGAN diet Decreases - characterized by the lack cholesterol Human
— Not specified The Change in the Content of Nutrients in Diets Eliminating Products of Animal Origin in Comparison to a Regular Diet from the Area of Middle-Eastern Europe. personalized diet (RISTOMED diet) Decreases - reduced plasma levels of cholesterol Human
62 healthy persons aged 65-85 years 2 capsules of VSL#3 per day (specific B12 dosage not specified). Impact of personalized diet and probiotic supplementation on inflammation, nutritional parameters and intestinal microbiota - The "RISTOMED project": Randomized controlled trial in healthy older people. Ideal Protein (IP) system Phase I diet Decreases - significant between-group differences in change total cholesterol (TC) Human
adults with obesity <30% of daily energy from fat, <7% from saturated fat, 55% from carbohydrate, and an energy deficit of 500 kcal/day. Effect of ideal protein versus low-fat diet for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial. brown rice diet vs. white rice diet No effect - did not differ in changes of HDL-cholesterol Human
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Not specified (dietary intervention with brown rice vs. white rice). Fiber-rich diet with brown rice improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. brown rice diet vs. white rice diet No effect - did not differ in changes of LDL-cholesterol Human
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Not specified (dietary intervention with brown rice vs. white rice). Fiber-rich diet with brown rice improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. brown rice diet vs. white rice diet No effect - did not differ in changes of total cholesterol Human
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Not specified (dietary intervention with brown rice vs. white rice). Fiber-rich diet with brown rice improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Mediterranean diet supplemented with almonds (MDSA) Decreases - significant reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels Human
38 women with obesity Not specified (Mediterranean diet supplemented with almonds). Positive Effects of a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Almonds on Female Adipose Tissue Biology in Severe Obesity. whole-food plant-based diet (PBD) Decreases - yielded several benefits including a lower intake of cholesterol Human
participants with cardiovascular risk factors Not specified (dietary intervention included eight 90-minute group meetings and two 120-minute cooking sessions). Does a Plant-Based Diet Stand Out for Its Favorable Composition for Heart Health? Dietary Intake Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial. whole-food plant-based diet Decreases - improved cholesterol levels Human
60-year-old man with typical angina and positive stress test Not specified (diet consisted primarily of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, potatoes, beans, legumes, and nuts). A Whole-Food Plant-Based Diet Reversed Angina without Medications or Procedures. Whole Food Plant-based (WFPB) diet Decreases - led to significant decreases total cholesterol Human
participants referred to a "Food as Prevention" program Not specified Implementation of a Whole Food Plant Based Diet in a Food as Prevention Program in a Resource Constrained Environment. 15% SPLM diet Decreases - showed lowers values serum cholesterol concentration Animal
Cobb-500 strain broilers finisher chickens 0% (control), 3.75%, 7.5%, 11.25%, and 15% SPLM in diets. Antioxidant and antinutritional potentials of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaf meal on the growth performance, economics of production, blood indices, carcass characteristics and histopathology of broiler chickens. low trans alpha-linolenic acid diet No effect - no change was observed LDL-cholesterol Human
healthy European men Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study. high trans alpha-linolenic acid diet No effect - No effects were found HDL-cholesterol Human
healthy European men Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study. high trans alpha-linolenic acid diet Increases - increase LDL-cholesterol Human
healthy European men Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study. high trans alpha-linolenic acid diet Increases - significantly increased plasma LDL-:HDL-cholesterol ratio Human
healthy European men Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study. high trans alpha-linolenic acid diet No effect - No effects were found total cholesterol Human
healthy European men Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study. high trans alpha-linolenic acid diet Increases - significantly increased total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio Human
healthy European men Daily intake of 1410 mg (range 583-2642 mg) of trans alpha-linolenic acid in the high-trans group. Dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid from deodorised rapeseed oil and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men: the TransLinE Study. high-carbohydrate diet Decreases - induced a decrease HDL-cholesterol Human
59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) Not specified. A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons. high-carbohydrate diet Decreases - induced a decrease LDL-cholesterol Human
59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) Not specified. A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons. Mediterranean diet Decreases - induced a decrease HDL-cholesterol Human
59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) Not specified. A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons. Mediterranean diet Decreases - induced a decrease LDL-cholesterol Human
59 young subjects (30 men and 29 women) Not specified. A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons. high-carbohydrate diet Increases - increases HDL-cholesterol Human
overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes High-protein diet (30% total energy), high-carbohydrate diet (55% total energy). The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial. high-carbohydrate diet Decreases - decreases total cholesterol Human
overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes High-protein diet (30% total energy), high-carbohydrate diet (55% total energy). The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial. high-protein diet Increases - increases HDL-cholesterol Human
overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes High-protein diet (30% total energy), high-carbohydrate diet (55% total energy). The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial. high-protein diet Decreases - decreases total cholesterol Human
overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes High-protein diet (30% total energy), high-carbohydrate diet (55% total energy). The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial. high carbohydrate diet Increases - an increase in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels Animal
male Wistar rats Not specified Whole tomato lipidic extract improved sperm quality in obese rats induced by a high-carbohydrate diet. higher protein diet (HPD) Decreases - demonstrated significant decreases VLDL cholesterol Human
Mexican adults with MeS 1.34 g/kg body weight (HPD) vs. 0.8 g/kg body weight (SPD). Effect of a High-Protein Diet versus Standard-Protein Diet on Weight Loss and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. standard protein diet (SPD) Decreases - demonstrated significant decreases VLDL cholesterol Human
Mexican adults with MeS 1.34 g/kg body weight (HPD) vs. 0.8 g/kg body weight (SPD). Effect of a High-Protein Diet versus Standard-Protein Diet on Weight Loss and Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. lipid-lowering diet containing olive oil Decreases - decreased ratio between low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
hyperlipidemic patients Not specified (food prepared daily based on individual energy requirements). Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. lipid-lowering diet containing olive oil Decreases - decreased total serum cholesterol Human
hyperlipidemic patients Not specified (food prepared daily based on individual energy requirements). Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. lipid-lowering diet containing low erucic rapeseed (canola) oil Decreases - decreased ratio between low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
hyperlipidemic patients Not specified (food prepared daily based on individual energy requirements). Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. lipid-lowering diet containing low erucic rapeseed (canola) oil Decreases - decreased total serum cholesterol Human
hyperlipidemic patients Not specified (food prepared daily based on individual energy requirements). Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. olive oil diet Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
hyperlipidemic patients Not specified (food prepared daily based on individual energy requirements). Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. diet containing rapeseed oil Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
hyperlipidemic patients Not specified (food prepared daily based on individual energy requirements). Similar effects of rapeseed oil (canola oil) and olive oil in a lipid-lowering diet for patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. high-fat, high fructose diet (HFFD) Increases - increased cholesterol Animal
offspring 50 mg/kg FA daily. Ferulic acid protects rat offspring from maternal high-fat, high-fructose diet-induced toxicity and developmental retardation through a direct effect on pancreatic islets. high fat diet with ethanol exposure Increases - significantly deteriorated lipid profiles in serum and liver homogenate including triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol Animal
ICR mice — Hepatoprotective activity of scutellariae radix extract in mice fed a high fat diet with chronic alcohol exposure. ALA diet Decreases - lowered LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
118 men homozygous for FADS1 rs174550 SNP (TT or CC) 30-50 mL/day of Camelina sativa oil (ALA diet) or sunflower oil (LA diet), adjusted by BMI. Dietary n-3 alpha-linolenic and n-6 linoleic acids modestly lower serum lipoprotein(a) concentration but differentially influence other atherogenic lipoprotein traits: A randomized trial. NCs containing red yeast rice and coenzyme Q10 added to diet Decreases - a greater reduction total cholesterol Human
52 subjects treated with NCs Once-daily oral formulation (specific dosage not detailed). Effect of Monacolin K and COQ10 supplementation in hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects with metabolic syndrome. Diet LF (low-fat diet: 53% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, and 27% fats) Decreases - showed a significant improvement LDL cholesterol Human
obese patients with CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant rs266729 High-fat diet (38% fats), low-fat diet (27% fats) Adiponectin Gene Variant rs266729 Interacts with Different Macronutrient Distribution of Two Different Hypocaloric Diets. Diet LF (low-fat diet: 53% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, and 27% fats) Decreases - showed a significant improvement total cholesterol levels Human
obese patients with CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene variant rs266729 High-fat diet (38% fats), low-fat diet (27% fats) Adiponectin Gene Variant rs266729 Interacts with Different Macronutrient Distribution of Two Different Hypocaloric Diets. moderate aerobic exercise training in addition to diet regimen Increases - significantly increased High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c) Human
obese patients with NASH Not specified (intervention involved moderate aerobic exercise and diet regimen). Biochemical parameters response to weight loss in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. moderate aerobic exercise training in addition to diet regimen Decreases - significantly decreased Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-c) Human
obese patients with NASH Not specified (intervention involved moderate aerobic exercise and diet regimen). Biochemical parameters response to weight loss in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. moderate aerobic exercise training in addition to diet regimen Decreases - significantly decreased Total Cholesterol (TC) Human
obese patients with NASH Not specified (intervention involved moderate aerobic exercise and diet regimen). Biochemical parameters response to weight loss in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. 12-week energy-restricted diet intervention Decreases - decreased significantly total cholesterol Human
MAO women Not specified (intervention was an energy-restricted diet, not alanine supplementation). A weight loss diet intervention has a similar beneficial effect on both metabolically abnormal obese and metabolically healthy but obese premenopausal women. ≥6-portion/day fruit and vegetable (F&V) diet Increases - increased activity of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in HDL3 Human
obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) ≥6 portions/day of fruits and vegetables (specific lutein dosage not isolated). A randomised controlled trial of increasing fruit and vegetable intake and how this influences the carotenoid concentration and activities of PON-1 and LCAT in HDL from subjects with type 2 diabetes. yacon flour (340 mg fructooligosaccharide/kg/d) as a diet supplement Decreases - reverted back to nearly normal plasma cholesterol levels Animal
diabetic rats — Yacon roots (Smallanthus sonchifolius) improve oxidative stress in diabetic rats. moderate-carbohydrate diet with calorie-counting method (MCD-CC) Decreases - improve LDL cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. moderate-carbohydrate diet with calorie-counting method (MCD-CC) Decreases - improve total cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate diet with portion-control method (PLCD-PC) Decreases - improve LDL cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate diet with portion-control method (PLCD-PC) Decreases - improve total cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate diet with calorie-counting method (PLCD-CC) Decreases - improve LDL cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate diet with calorie-counting method (PLCD-CC) Decreases - improve total cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. moderate-carbohydrate diet with portion-control method (MCD-PC) Decreases - improve LDL cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. moderate-carbohydrate diet with portion-control method (MCD-PC) Decreases - improve total cholesterol Human
adults with metabolic syndrome PLCD (25-30% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 40-45% fat); MCD (40-45% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30-35% fat). Effect of Paleolithic-based low-carbohydrate vs. moderate-carbohydrate diets with portion-control and calorie-counting on CTRP6, asprosin and metabolic markers in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. very-low-fat, plant-based diet Decreases - showed improvements low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
diet group Total fat intake averaged ~15% of total calories. Low-fat, plant-based diet in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. very-low-fat, plant-based diet Decreases - showed improvements total cholesterol Human
diet group Total fat intake averaged ~15% of total calories. Low-fat, plant-based diet in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. low-calorie (25% of energy deficit) nuts containing diet (NELCD) Decreases - reduced significantly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
stable CAD patients who were overweight or obese Not specified (nuts included as part of a 25% energy-deficit diet). A calorie-restricted diet with nuts favourably raises plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in overweight and obese patients with stable coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled trial. low-calorie (25% of energy deficit) nuts containing diet (NELCD) Increases - increased significantly plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Human
stable CAD patients who were overweight or obese Not specified (nuts included as part of a 25% energy-deficit diet). A calorie-restricted diet with nuts favourably raises plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in overweight and obese patients with stable coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled trial. low-calorie (25% of energy deficit) nuts containing diet (NELCD) Decreases - reduced significantly total cholesterol Human
stable CAD patients who were overweight or obese Not specified (nuts included as part of a 25% energy-deficit diet). A calorie-restricted diet with nuts favourably raises plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in overweight and obese patients with stable coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled trial. nut-free energy-restricted diet (NFLCD) Decreases - reduced significantly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
stable CAD patients who were overweight or obese Not specified (nuts included as part of a 25% energy-deficit diet). A calorie-restricted diet with nuts favourably raises plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in overweight and obese patients with stable coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled trial. nut-free energy-restricted diet (NFLCD) Decreases - reduced significantly total cholesterol Human
stable CAD patients who were overweight or obese Not specified (nuts included as part of a 25% energy-deficit diet). A calorie-restricted diet with nuts favourably raises plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in overweight and obese patients with stable coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled trial. low-glycemic index diet Decreases - greater reductions in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
women with PCOS Not specified Dietary composition in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review to inform evidence-based guidelines. low-glycemic index diet Decreases - greater reductions in total cholesterol total cholesterol Human
women with PCOS Not specified Dietary composition in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review to inform evidence-based guidelines. low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - greater reductions in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
women with PCOS Not specified Dietary composition in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review to inform evidence-based guidelines. low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - greater reductions in total cholesterol total cholesterol Human
women with PCOS Not specified Dietary composition in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review to inform evidence-based guidelines. low-glycemic index (GI) diet No effect - did not show important differences total cholesterol triglycerides Human
subjects with well-controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and normal lipid profile Not specified (diets were matched for macronutrient composition and fiber). Low-glycemic index foods improve long-term glycemic control in NIDDM. whole-grain (WG) diet Decreases - were lower HDL cholesterol Human
overweight and obese individuals with increased waist circumference and one or more other MetS criteria Not specified Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled-feeding trial. whole-grain (WG) diet No effect - effect was no longer significant HDL-cholesterol Human
compliant individuals Not specified Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled-feeding trial. Western diet (WD) Increases - increased blood LDL cholesterol levels Animal Molecular
Male mice 1% SCE in diet for mice; non-toxic concentrations of SA for HepG2 cells (specific amounts not provided). Schisandrin A in Schisandra chinensis Upregulates the LDL Receptor by Inhibiting PCSK9 Protein Stabilization in Steatotic Model. Western diet Increases - the most significant changes involve Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress, cholesterol biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism Animal
mice Not specified Cisd2 Protects the Liver from Oxidative Stress and Ameliorates Western Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. western diet Increases - elevated plasma glucose and cholesterol levels Animal
C57BL/6J (WT) mice Not specified Lymphatic Valve Dysfunction in Western Diet-Fed Mice: New Insights Into Obesity-Induced Lymphedema. diet alone Increases LDL cholesterol Human
subjects with baseline LDL cholesterol in the 50th to 95th percentile 28 g (1 oz) twice daily Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic subjects. diet alone Increases total cholesterol Human
subjects with baseline LDL cholesterol in the 50th to 95th percentile 28 g (1 oz) twice daily Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic subjects. addition of oat bran to their diet No effect - showed essentially no increased benefit from cholesterol levels Human
Women under the age of 50 years 28 g (1 oz) twice daily Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic subjects. addition of oat bran (28 g [1 oz] twice daily) to the AHA-I diet Decreases - provided significant added benefit in lowering LDL cholesterol Human
most hypercholesterolemic subjects 28 g (1 oz) twice daily Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic subjects. addition of oat bran (28 g [1 oz] twice daily) to the AHA-I diet Decreases - provided significant added benefit in lowering total cholesterol Human
most hypercholesterolemic subjects 28 g (1 oz) twice daily Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic subjects. modified diet containing oat bran Decreases - significantly more responsive to Cholesterol levels Human
older women 28 g (1 oz) twice daily Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic subjects. fasting mimicking diet (FMD) Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
patients with MASLD 30 g/day of flaxseed powder. Effectiveness of flaxseed consumption and fasting mimicking diet on anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and hepatic features in patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): a randomized controlled clinical trial. soy foods diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol (TC) Human
postmenopausal women Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial. nonsoy plant-based diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol (TC) Human
postmenopausal women Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat, with at least 80% of protein from dairy. The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial. LCT-diet over 5weeks Increases - accumulated significantly higher blood cholesterol concentrations Animal
VLCAD-knock-out (KO) mice Not specified (MCT diet and MCT-bolus, exact amounts not detailed). Medium-chain triglycerides impair lipid metabolism and induce hepatic steatosis in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficient mice. Acha diet Decreases - reversed obesity-induced increase in heart cholesterol and phospholipids Animal
obese rats — Effects of fibre-enriched diets on tissue lipid profiles of MSG obese rats. Maize diet No effect - did not reverse increased cholesterol level in kidney Animal
obese rats — Effects of fibre-enriched diets on tissue lipid profiles of MSG obese rats. coconut oil included in the isoenergetic balanced diet Increases - could increase HDL cholesterol Human
men with obesity 1 tablespoon (12 mL) daily Effect of coconut oil on weight loss and metabolic parameters in men with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial. coconut oil included in the isoenergetic balanced diet Decreases - decrease TC/HDL cholesterol ratio Human
men with obesity 1 tablespoon (12 mL) daily Effect of coconut oil on weight loss and metabolic parameters in men with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial. low-protein diet (LPD) plus inulin Decreases - lower total serum cholesterol Human
CKD patients LPD (0.6 g/kg/day) plus inulin (19 g/day) for the intervention group; LPD alone for controls. Prebiotic Therapy with Inulin Associated with Low Protein Diet in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Evaluation of Nutritional, Cardiovascular and Psychocognitive Parameters. olive oil diet rich in MUFA, but with a low ALA content Decreases - significant decreases LDL-cholesterol Human
eighty-one patients with the metabolic syndrome ALA intake of 3.5 g/day via rapeseed oil. Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome. olive oil diet rich in MUFA, but with a low ALA content Decreases - significant decreases total cholesterol Human
eighty-one patients with the metabolic syndrome ALA intake of 3.5 g/day via rapeseed oil. Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome. hypoenergetic diet with low energy density enriched in rapeseed oil, resulting in high MUFA content and an ALA intake of 3.5 g/d Decreases - significant decreases LDL-cholesterol Human
eighty-one patients with the metabolic syndrome ALA intake of 3.5 g/day via rapeseed oil. Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome. hypoenergetic diet with low energy density enriched in rapeseed oil, resulting in high MUFA content and an ALA intake of 3.5 g/d Decreases - significant decreases total cholesterol Human
eighty-one patients with the metabolic syndrome ALA intake of 3.5 g/day via rapeseed oil. Effects of a rapeseed oil-enriched hypoenergetic diet with a high content of α-linolenic acid on body weight and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with the metabolic syndrome. low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) diet Increases - increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
young and healthy adults Less than 20g carbohydrates per day. Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: A randomized controlled study. low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) diet Increases - increased plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
young and healthy adults Less than 20g carbohydrates per day. Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: A randomized controlled study. low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) diet Increases - increased total cholesterol Human
young and healthy adults Less than 20g carbohydrates per day. Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: A randomized controlled study. flaxseed added to a weight loss diet Decreases - improvement levels of total cholesterol Human
men with cardiovascular risk factors 60g of flaxseed powder per day. Impact of weight loss diet associated with flaxseed on inflammatory markers in men with cardiovascular risk factors: a clinical study. high-protein diet Increases - affected plasma total cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels Animal
rats 30% high-protein diet; resveratrol dosage not specified. Effects of High-Protein Diet and/or Resveratrol Supplementation on the Immune Response of Irradiated Rats. high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
non-T-allele carriers (GG genotype) Not specified The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet. high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
T-allele carriers (GT and TT genotypes) Not specified The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet. high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol levels Human
non-T-allele carriers (GG genotype) Not specified The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet. high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol levels Human
T-allele carriers (GT and TT genotypes) Not specified The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet. standard severe hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
non-T-allele carriers (GG genotype) Not specified The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet. standard severe hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
T-allele carriers (GT and TT genotypes) Not specified The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet. standard severe hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol levels Human
non-T-allele carriers (GG genotype) Not specified The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet. standard severe hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol levels Human
T-allele carriers (GT and TT genotypes) Not specified The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the ADIPOQ gene locus rs1501299 on metabolic parameters after 9 mo of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet. St. John's wort (SJW) extract-supplemented diet Decreases - decrease serum cholesterol levels Animal
azoxymethane-treated mice Not specified in the abstract. St. John's Wort Attenuates Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Mice through Suppression of Inflammatory Signaling. aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diet Increases - higher cholesterol Animal
chickens 100 ppm and 300 ppm Aloe vera powder mixed into feed Protective effects of Aloe vera powder supplementation on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of egg, histopathological changes and serum biochemistry of laying hens fed by Aflatoxin B1. living food (LF) diet Decreases - lowered cholesterol concentration Human
subjects eating living food Not specified Vegan diet in physiological health promotion. ketogenic diet (KD) Increases - Cholesterol increased slightly Cholesterol Human
23 obese adult women Not specified (participants followed a typical 7-day meal plan with flexibility). Effect of Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ketogenesis Metabolic Stimulation and Regulation of NLRP3 Ubiquitination in Obese Saudi Women. ketogenic diet (KD) Increases - high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased slightly high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
23 obese adult women Not specified (participants followed a typical 7-day meal plan with flexibility). Effect of Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ketogenesis Metabolic Stimulation and Regulation of NLRP3 Ubiquitination in Obese Saudi Women. ketogenic diet (KD) Increases - low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum increased significantly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum Human
23 obese adult women Not specified (participants followed a typical 7-day meal plan with flexibility). Effect of Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ketogenesis Metabolic Stimulation and Regulation of NLRP3 Ubiquitination in Obese Saudi Women. ketogenic diet (KD) Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) Human
women diagnosed with PCOS Not specified The effects of ketogenic diet on metabolic and hormonal parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. ketogenic diet (KD) Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
women diagnosed with PCOS Not specified The effects of ketogenic diet on metabolic and hormonal parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. ketogenic diet (KD) Increases - increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
humans Not Assessed Novel Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Weight Loss for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Ketogenic Diet, Intermittent Fasting, and Bariatric Surgery. orlistat therapy combined with a low-fat diet (O + LFD) Increases - improved similarly within both groups High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
Overweight or obese outpatients from the Department of Veterans Affairs primary care clinics in Durham, North Carolina Low-fat diet (<30% energy from fat, 500-1000 kcal/d deficit) combined with orlistat (120 mg orally 3 times daily). A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight loss. orlistat therapy combined with a low-fat diet (O + LFD) Decreases - improved within the O + LFD group only Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
Overweight or obese outpatients from the Department of Veterans Affairs primary care clinics in Durham, North Carolina Low-fat diet (<30% energy from fat, 500-1000 kcal/d deficit) combined with orlistat (120 mg orally 3 times daily). A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight loss. low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) Increases - improved similarly within both groups High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
Overweight or obese outpatients from the Department of Veterans Affairs primary care clinics in Durham, North Carolina Low-fat diet (<30% energy from fat, 500-1000 kcal/d deficit) combined with orlistat (120 mg orally 3 times daily). A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight loss. buckwheat sprouts (BS) diet (5% or 10%) Increases - were higher than hepatic gene expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) Animal
type 2 diabetic mice (db/db) — Effects of buckwheat sprouts on plasma and hepatic parameters in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. buckwheat sprouts (BS) diet (5% or 10%) Decreases - were lower than hepatic total cholesterol Animal
type 2 diabetic mice (db/db) — Effects of buckwheat sprouts on plasma and hepatic parameters in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. buckwheat sprouts (BS) diet (5% or 10%) Decreases - were lower than plasma total cholesterol Animal
type 2 diabetic mice (db/db) — Effects of buckwheat sprouts on plasma and hepatic parameters in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. full-fat dairy diet No effect - no intervention effect fasting serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; free fatty acids; or cholesterol content in 38 isolated plasma lipoprotein fractions Human
participants with metabolic syndrome 3.3 servings/day of low-fat or full-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese. Impact of low-fat and full-fat dairy foods on fasting lipid profile and blood pressure: exploratory endpoints of a randomized controlled trial. low-fat dairy diet No effect - no intervention effect fasting serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; free fatty acids; or cholesterol content in 38 isolated plasma lipoprotein fractions Human
participants with metabolic syndrome 3.3 servings/day of low-fat or full-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese. Impact of low-fat and full-fat dairy foods on fasting lipid profile and blood pressure: exploratory endpoints of a randomized controlled trial. limited-dairy diet No effect - no intervention effect fasting serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; free fatty acids; or cholesterol content in 38 isolated plasma lipoprotein fractions Human
participants with metabolic syndrome 3.3 servings/day of low-fat or full-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese. Impact of low-fat and full-fat dairy foods on fasting lipid profile and blood pressure: exploratory endpoints of a randomized controlled trial. Gluten free diet (GFD) No effect - showed no effects LDL cholesterol Human
subjects diagnosed with MES Not specified The Effect of Gluten Free Diet on Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Gluten free diet (GFD) No effect - showed no effects total cholesterol Human
subjects diagnosed with MES Not specified The Effect of Gluten Free Diet on Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. gluten-free diet (GFD) No effect - failed to normalize LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels Human
children with T1DM and CD Not specified Whole lipid profile and not only HDL cholesterol is impaired in children with coexisting type 1 diabetes and untreated celiac disease. gluten-free diet Increases - increase total cholesterol Human
patients with celiac disease Not Assessed Effect of the gluten-free diet on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coeliac disease: A systematic review. lactoovovegetarian diet Decreases - A decrease in the levels cholesterol Human
20 patients with dyslipoproteinemia type IIa and IIb Not specified [Feasibility of correcting lipid metabolism in patients with cardiovascular diseases using a balanced vegetarian diet]. low-fat diet (LFD) No effect - did not differ LDL-cholesterol Human
— LFD aimed for 55-60 energy per cent (E%) from carbohydrates. In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Increases - had increased HDL-cholesterol Human
— LFD aimed for 55-60 energy per cent (E%) from carbohydrates. In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) No effect - did not differ LDL-cholesterol Human
— LFD aimed for 55-60 energy per cent (E%) from carbohydrates. In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. low-fat diet Decreases - significantly lower serum cholesterol concentrations Animal
Miniature Schnauzer with hypertriglyceridemia Not specified (commercially available low-fat diet). Effect of a low-fat diet on serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriglyceridemia. low-fat diet Decreases - effective in reducing serum cholesterol concentrations Animal
Miniature Schnauzer with hypertriglyceridemia Not specified (commercially available low-fat diet). Effect of a low-fat diet on serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipoprotein profiles in Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriglyceridemia. low-fat diet Decreases - changed more favorably Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values Human
participants randomized to low-fat diets Not specified Effects of low-fat diet on serum lipids in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. low-fat diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol levels Human
wild-type group (G1359G) Not specified Role of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene on weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two different hypocaloric diets. low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol levels Human
wild-type group (G1359G) Not specified Role of G1359A polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene on weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two different hypocaloric diets. 60 g soy nut diet for 8 weeks Decreases - significantly decreased total serum cholesterol Human
patients with type 2 diabetes 60 g soy nut daily as part of daily protein intake. The effect of soy nut on serum total antioxidant, endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern enriched in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) Decreases - improved LDL cholesterol Human
362 Caucasian patients with obesity Not specified. APOA-5 genetic variant and a hypocaloric diet enriched in ω-6 fatty acids with Mediterranean pattern. hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern enriched in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) Decreases - improved total cholesterol Human
362 Caucasian patients with obesity Not specified. APOA-5 genetic variant and a hypocaloric diet enriched in ω-6 fatty acids with Mediterranean pattern. DF diet No effect - did not reduce cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio Human
hyperlipidaemic subjects Not specified Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study. DF diet No effect - did not reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
hyperlipidaemic subjects Not specified Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study. DF diet No effect - did not reduce serum cholesterol Human
hyperlipidaemic subjects Not specified Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study. RO diet Decreases - reduced cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio Human
hyperlipidaemic subjects Not specified Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study. RO diet No effect - did not change HDL cholesterol Human
hyperlipidaemic subjects Not specified Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study. RO diet Decreases - reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
hyperlipidaemic subjects Not specified Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study. RO diet Decreases - reduced serum cholesterol Human
hyperlipidaemic subjects Not specified Replacing dairy fat with rapeseed oil causes rapid improvement of hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled study. methionine choline-deficient diet (MCDD) Increases - increased hepatic cholesterol Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats Not specified (diet enriched with olive oil). Monounsaturated fat decreases hepatic lipid content in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. rapeseed oil diet Increases - was higher HDL(2a) cholesterol Human
Eighteen young, healthy men 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets. olive oil diet Increases - was higher HDL(2a) cholesterol Human
Eighteen young, healthy men 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets. olive oil diet Increases - were 10;-20% higher Plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations Human
Eighteen young, healthy men 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets. olive oil diet No effect - did not differ significantly Total HDL cholesterol concentration Human
Eighteen young, healthy men 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets. addition of safflower oil to the diet Decreases - were significantly lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
six men and six women 21 g safflower oil daily (providing 16 g LA/d). Safflower oil consumption does not increase plasma conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in humans. addition of safflower oil to the diet Decreases - were significantly lower plasma total cholesterol concentrations Human
six men and six women 21 g safflower oil daily (providing 16 g LA/d). Safflower oil consumption does not increase plasma conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in humans. energy-restricted anti-inflammatory diet Decreases - reducing total cholesterol Human
younger adults with obesity Not specified Metabolic and Hepatic Effects of Energy-Reduced Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Younger Adults with Obesity. low-fat, high carbohydrate (LFHC) diet Increases - significant increase HDL cholesterol Human
10 patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia Approximately 60% of energy as carbohydrate (isocaloric diet). Long-term effect of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on plasma lipids of patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. low-fat, high carbohydrate (LFHC) diet Increases - increased LDL cholesterol Human
10 patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia Approximately 60% of energy as carbohydrate (isocaloric diet). Long-term effect of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on plasma lipids of patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. low-fat, high carbohydrate (LFHC) diet Decreases - decreased significantly Total plasma cholesterol levels Human
10 patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia Approximately 60% of energy as carbohydrate (isocaloric diet). Long-term effect of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on plasma lipids of patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. low-fat, high carbohydrate (LFHC) diet Decreases - decrease VLDL cholesterol Human
10 patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia Approximately 60% of energy as carbohydrate (isocaloric diet). Long-term effect of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on plasma lipids of patients affected by familial endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. low-fat, high-carbohydrate (CARB) diet Decreases - falls HDL cholesterol Human
forty healthy subjects Not specified (diet contained at least 25 g of relevant fat or was low-fat, high-carbohydrate) Flow-mediated dilatation is impaired by a high-saturated fat diet but not by a high-carbohydrate diet. ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phyoextracts (KEMEPHY) Decreases - significant decrease total cholesterol Human
overweight women with diagnosis of PCOS Not specified (ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phyoextracts). Effects of a ketogenic diet in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. VLCFA-restricted Mediterranean diet Decreases - significantly reduced cholesterol Human
compliant adult patients Not specified Nutritional Counseling and Mediterranean Diet in Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Real-Life Experience. step 1 diet Decreases - dropped total cholesterol Human
58 male patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia Not specified (incorporated into diet as breakfast cereals). Cholesterol-lowering effects of soluble-fiber cereals as part of a prudent diet for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. a vegan diet Decreases - a nonsignificant 13% reduction low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
participants with coronary artery disease Not specified (dietary intervention with provided groceries and counseling). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Vegan Diet Versus the American Heart Association-Recommended Diet in Coronary Artery Disease Trial. diet control alone Decreases - appears to significantly reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels Human
— Not specified Assessing the independent effect of dietary counseling and hypolipidemic medications on serum lipids. regular-fat cheese diet No effect - was not significantly different HDL cholesterol Human
subjects with ≥2 MetS risk factors 80 g cheese/10 MJ daily for REG and RED groups; 90 g bread and 25 g jam/10 MJ daily for CHO group. High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. regular-fat cheese diet Increases - tended to be higher HDL cholesterol Human
subjects with ≥2 MetS risk factors 80 g cheese/10 MJ daily for REG and RED groups; 90 g bread and 25 g jam/10 MJ daily for CHO group. High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. regular-fat cheese diet No effect - was not significantly different LDL cholesterol Human
subjects with ≥2 MetS risk factors 80 g cheese/10 MJ daily for REG and RED groups; 90 g bread and 25 g jam/10 MJ daily for CHO group. High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. regular-fat cheese diet No effect - was not significantly different LDL cholesterol Human
subjects with ≥2 MetS risk factors 80 g cheese/10 MJ daily for REG and RED groups; 90 g bread and 25 g jam/10 MJ daily for CHO group. High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. healthy low-carbohydrate diet achieved through behavioral intervention and key food supplementation No effect - differences between groups in 6-month changes total-to-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio Human
participants <40g net carbohydrates for the first 3 months, <40-60g net carbohydrates for months 3-6. Low-carbohydrate dietary pattern on glycemic outcomes trial (ADEPT) among individuals with elevated hemoglobin A1c: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet capable of inducing nutritional ketosis over 2 years (continuous care intervention, CCI) Increases - was attributed to larger cholesterol-enriched LDL particles Human
CCI group Not specified Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. consumption of a very low carbohydrate diet capable of inducing nutritional ketosis over 2 years (continuous care intervention, CCI) Increases - resulted in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) Not specified Impact of a 2-year trial of nutritional ketosis on indices of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. modified-fat diet high in monounsaturated fat No effect - were not significantly different concentrations of total cholesterol Human
Thirty healthy, free-living, nonsmoking men and women from the Melbourne, Australia, metropolitan region Not specified Diet high in monounsaturated fat does not have a different effect on arterial elasticity than a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. modified-fat diet high in monounsaturated fat Increases - was significantly higher High-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration Human
Thirty healthy, free-living, nonsmoking men and women from the Melbourne, Australia, metropolitan region Not specified Diet high in monounsaturated fat does not have a different effect on arterial elasticity than a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. modified-fat diet high in monounsaturated fat No effect - were not significantly different low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
Thirty healthy, free-living, nonsmoking men and women from the Melbourne, Australia, metropolitan region Not specified Diet high in monounsaturated fat does not have a different effect on arterial elasticity than a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. coconut oil-based diet Increases - significant increases plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
Nine healthy male volunteers with BMI ≤25 kg/m² Not specified Coconut oil consumption improves fat-free mass, plasma HDL-cholesterol and insulin sensitivity in healthy men with normal BMI compared to peanut oil. high-BCAA diet Increases - significantly increased expression cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) Animal Molecular
wild-type mice High-BCAA diet (specific dosage not detailed in abstract). Branched-chain amino acids promote hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and bile acid synthesis via suppressing FGF21-ERK pathway. olive leaf extract (OLE) supplementation in adjunct with a weight loss diet Increases - elevated serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
obese women Not specified Olive Leaf Extract Supplementation Combined with Calorie-Restricted Diet on Reducing Body Weight and Fat Mass in Obese Women: Result of a Randomized Control Trial. olive leaf extract (OLE) supplementation in adjunct with a weight loss diet Decreases - significantly decreased serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
obese women Not specified Olive Leaf Extract Supplementation Combined with Calorie-Restricted Diet on Reducing Body Weight and Fat Mass in Obese Women: Result of a Randomized Control Trial. olive leaf extract (OLE) supplementation in adjunct with a weight loss diet Decreases - significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol Human
obese women Not specified Olive Leaf Extract Supplementation Combined with Calorie-Restricted Diet on Reducing Body Weight and Fat Mass in Obese Women: Result of a Randomized Control Trial. vegan diet Increases - improves significantly cholesterol control Human
21 (11 female,10 male) healthy participants Individual caloric needs met; exact amounts not specified. A 48-Hour Vegan Diet Challenge in Healthy Women and Men Induces a BRANCH-Chain Amino Acid Related, Health Associated, Metabolic Signature. vegan diet Decreases - lower cholesterol intake Human
vegan children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years Not specified Health aspects of vegan diets among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses. vegan diet Decreases - reduce cholesterol levels Human
— Not specified The Effect of a Vegan Diet on the Health Indicators and Outcomes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. vegan diet Decreases - decreased LDL-cholesterol Human
participants with no medication changes Not specified A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. vegan diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
participants with no medication changes Not specified A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. Mediterranean diet No effect - no significant change LDL-cholesterol Human
participants with no medication changes Not specified A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. Mediterranean diet No effect - no significant change total cholesterol Human
participants with no medication changes Not specified A Mediterranean Diet and Low-Fat Vegan Diet to Improve Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. vegan diet Decreases - significantly lower total cholesterol levels Human
community-dwelling older adults Not specified beyond dietary composition (60% animal protein in omnivorous diet). A Well-Balanced Vegan Diet Does not Compromise Daily Mixed Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates when Compared with an Omnivorous Diet in Active Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial. updated American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention and ad libitum diet Increases - rose serum total cholesterol Human
female BC survivors Not specified Serum antioxidant capacity, biochemical profile and body composition of breast cancer survivors in a randomized Mediterranean dietary intervention study. hemp protein supplementation within a Mediterranean diet context together with exercise Decreases - statistically significant changes total cholesterol Human
patients prone to developing metabolic syndrome Not specified Mediterranean Diet Combined with Regular Aerobic Exercise and Hemp Protein Supplementation Modulates Plasma Circulating Amino Acids and Improves the Health Status of Overweight Individuals. feeding with high fat/high cholesterol (HF/HC) diet in HSLiKO mice Increases - increased plasma cholesterol concentrations Animal
HSLiKO mice — Cholesteryl ester accumulation and accelerated cholesterol absorption in intestine-specific hormone sensitive lipase-null mice. Western-styled diet enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA) Increases - exhibited significantly greater cholesterol Animal
wild-type C57BL/6J mice Not explicitly stated, but chronic ingestion over 13 weeks. Chronic Intake of Energy Drinks and Their Sugar Free Substitution Similarly Promotes Metabolic Syndrome. myo-inositol plus diet Decreases - improved cholesterol serum levels Human
postmenopausal women affected by the metabolic syndrome 2 g twice daily (BID). Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a perspective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. a normocaloric low n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio diet Decreases - reduction LDL cholesterol Human
obese youth 9-19 y of age with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Not specified (normocaloric diet with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 4:1). A Low ω-6 to ω-3 PUFA Ratio (n-6:n-3 PUFA) Diet to Treat Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Youth. shifting from a traditional Mediterranean diet to a vegan Mediterranean diet Decreases - reduced blood concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
physically active and healthy men Not specified (isocaloric substitution of animal-based foods with plant-based alternatives). The OMNIVEG STUDY: Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men. A controlled crossover trial. shifting from a traditional Mediterranean diet to a vegan Mediterranean diet Decreases - reduced blood concentration of total cholesterol Human
physically active and healthy men Not specified (isocaloric substitution of animal-based foods with plant-based alternatives). The OMNIVEG STUDY: Health outcomes of shifting from a traditional to a vegan Mediterranean diet in healthy men. A controlled crossover trial. including flaxseed in the HFHS diet Decreases - reduced hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride content Animal
obese male and female rats Not specified Beneficial Effects of Dietary Flaxseed on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet Decreases - reduced Total cholesterol Human
subjects with type 2 diabetes Not specified Comprehensive analysis of systemic, metabolic, and molecular changes following prospective change to low-carbohydrate diet in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in India. low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet Decreases - reduced Total cholesterol Human
subjects with type 2 diabetes Not specified Comprehensive analysis of systemic, metabolic, and molecular changes following prospective change to low-carbohydrate diet in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in India. healthy Nordic diet (HND) No effect - related with LDL cholesterol Human
participants with metabolic syndrome Not specified (dietary advice included low-fat dairy as part of the Nordic diet). Analysis of the SYSDIET Healthy Nordic Diet randomized trial based on metabolic profiling reveal beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and blood lipids. energy-restricted Low-AGEs diet Decreases - LDL-cholesterol significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol Human
Rotterdam phenotype-A PCOS patients Not specified (energy-restricted diets with standard vs. low AGE content). Comparison of Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles between Low-Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Standard AGEs-Containing Weight-Loss Diets in Overweight Phenotype-A PCOS Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 1% addition of cholesterol to a diet low in EFA Increases - markedly increased esterified cholesterol content in microsomes and total liver lipids Animal
— 1% cholesterol addition to diet Dietary cholesterol modulates delta6 and delta9 desaturase mRNAs and enzymatic activity in rats fed a low-eFA diet. 1% addition of cholesterol to a diet low in EFA No effect - remained unaltered proportion of free cholesterol Animal
— 1% cholesterol addition to diet Dietary cholesterol modulates delta6 and delta9 desaturase mRNAs and enzymatic activity in rats fed a low-eFA diet. MUFA or PUFA-enriched diet No effect - There was no effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
middle-aged men and women with MetS Participants consumed 3 MUFA-enriched or PUFA-enriched muffins daily, with additional supplementation to ensure 25%-50% increases in dietary fat intake from these sources. Poly is more effective than monounsaturated fat for dietary management in the metabolic syndrome: The muffin study. MUFA or PUFA-enriched diet No effect - There was no effect on total cholesterol Human
middle-aged men and women with MetS Participants consumed 3 MUFA-enriched or PUFA-enriched muffins daily, with additional supplementation to ensure 25%-50% increases in dietary fat intake from these sources. Poly is more effective than monounsaturated fat for dietary management in the metabolic syndrome: The muffin study. adding 2 g/kg Maca powder to the diet Decreases - significantly reduced serum total cholesterol levels Animal
quail 0, 1, or 2 g/kg of diet. Use of Maca Powder (Lepidium meyenii) as Feed Additive in Diets of Laying Quails at Different Ages: Its Effect on Performance, Eggshell Quality, Serum, Ileum, and Bone Properties. olive oil diet No effect - no effect total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
men and women with moderate hypercholesterolemia Experimental diets provided 30% fat, with NuSun sunflower oil contributing half of the total fat (specific dosage not detailed). Balance of unsaturated fatty acids is important to a cholesterol-lowering diet: comparison of mid-oleic sunflower oil and olive oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors. NuSun sunflower oil diet Decreases - decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
men and women with moderate hypercholesterolemia Experimental diets provided 30% fat, with NuSun sunflower oil contributing half of the total fat (specific dosage not detailed). Balance of unsaturated fatty acids is important to a cholesterol-lowering diet: comparison of mid-oleic sunflower oil and olive oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors. NuSun sunflower oil diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol levels Human
men and women with moderate hypercholesterolemia Experimental diets provided 30% fat, with NuSun sunflower oil contributing half of the total fat (specific dosage not detailed). Balance of unsaturated fatty acids is important to a cholesterol-lowering diet: comparison of mid-oleic sunflower oil and olive oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors. chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet Decreases - induced a decrease in fasting plasma LDL cholesterol Human
type 2 diabetic men Not specified (dietary intervention). Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial. chronic low-glycemic index (LGI) diet Decreases - induced a decrease in fasting plasma total cholesterol Human
type 2 diabetic men Not specified (dietary intervention). Improved plasma glucose control, whole-body glucose utilization, and lipid profile on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial. the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension (BRADA) diet Decreases - reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations Human
hypertensive patients who were seeing primary health care providers in a low-income region of Brazil Not specified (monthly planned menus provided). Reductions in glycemic and lipid profiles in hypertensive patients undergoing the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension (BRADA) diet Decreases - reduced total cholesterol concentrations Human
hypertensive patients who were seeing primary health care providers in a low-income region of Brazil Not specified (monthly planned menus provided). Reductions in glycemic and lipid profiles in hypertensive patients undergoing the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. diet supplementation with 20% of Bravo de Esmolfe apple cultivar Decreases - decrease significantly LDL cholesterol concentrations Animal
male Wistar rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (2%) Diet supplemented with 20% of apple cultivars (Bravo de Esmolfe, Malápio Serra, and Golden). Evaluation of cardiovascular protective effect of different apple varieties - Correlation of response with composition. diet supplementation with 20% of Bravo de Esmolfe apple cultivar Decreases - decrease significantly total cholesterol concentrations Animal
male Wistar rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet (2%) Diet supplemented with 20% of apple cultivars (Bravo de Esmolfe, Malápio Serra, and Golden). Evaluation of cardiovascular protective effect of different apple varieties - Correlation of response with composition. diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) Decreases - were lower Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
Men and women aged 35 to 69 years who were nonsmokers with no chronic illness and not on any medication Fat intake constituted 20.3% of total energy in the MUFA diet (specific sunflower oil dosage not detailed). A diet rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and factor VII coagulant activity. a 2-week diet that increased the proportion of SFA (<40% to 60% of dietary fat) Increases - increase LDL-cholesterol Human
overweight young adults Increased proportion of saturated fat from <40% to 60% of dietary fat, maintaining total fat, carbohydrate, protein, and calorie intake. Changes in markers for cardio-metabolic disease risk after only 1-2 weeks of a high saturated fat diet in overweight adults. a 2-week diet that increased the proportion of SFA (<40% to 60% of dietary fat) Increases - increased Total plasma cholesterol concentration Human
overweight young adults Increased proportion of saturated fat from <40% to 60% of dietary fat, maintaining total fat, carbohydrate, protein, and calorie intake. Changes in markers for cardio-metabolic disease risk after only 1-2 weeks of a high saturated fat diet in overweight adults. 4-week hypocaloric-diet (control group) Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
overweight/obese men 56 g/day of conventional or high-oleic peanuts. High-oleic peanuts: new perspective to attenuate glucose homeostasis disruption and inflammation related obesity. Chinese heart-healthy (CHH) diet Decreases - lowered serum total cholesterol (TC) Human
Chinese adults with baseline systolic blood pressure 130 to 159 mmHg Not specified (dietary intervention without explicit dosage). Effects of Chinese heart-healthy diet on blood lipids, glucose, and estimated 10-y cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese adults: results on secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. usual diet Decreases - decreased serum total cholesterol (TC) Human
Chinese adults with baseline systolic blood pressure 130 to 159 mmHg Not specified (dietary intervention without explicit dosage). Effects of Chinese heart-healthy diet on blood lipids, glucose, and estimated 10-y cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese adults: results on secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet Increases - increased LDL cholesterol Human
every woman 4% carbohydrates, 77% fat, 19% protein (LCHF diet); 44% carbohydrates, 33% fat, 19% protein (control diet) A Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Increases LDL Cholesterol in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial. ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet Increases - increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Human
healthy, young, and normal-weight women 4% carbohydrates, 77% fat, 19% protein (LCHF diet); 44% carbohydrates, 33% fat, 19% protein (control diet) A Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Increases LDL Cholesterol in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial. chickpea-supplemented diet Decreases - were significantly lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
forty-seven free-living adults Not specified (dietary supplementation). Dietary supplementation with chickpeas for at least 5 weeks results in small but significant reductions in serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols in adult women and men. chickpea-supplemented diet Decreases - results in lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
— Not specified (dietary supplementation). Dietary supplementation with chickpeas for at least 5 weeks results in small but significant reductions in serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols in adult women and men. chickpea-supplemented diet Decreases - were significantly lower serum total cholesterol levels Human
forty-seven free-living adults Not specified (dietary supplementation). Dietary supplementation with chickpeas for at least 5 weeks results in small but significant reductions in serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols in adult women and men. chickpea-supplemented diet Decreases - results in lower serum total cholesterol levels Human
— Not specified (dietary supplementation). Dietary supplementation with chickpeas for at least 5 weeks results in small but significant reductions in serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols in adult women and men. PHVO diet Increases - increased the plasma ratios of nonHDL:HDL-cholesterol Animal
Thirty-two male Golden Syrian hamsters 2.5 g/100 g of diet Individual trans octadecenoic acids and partially hydrogenated vegetable oil differentially affect hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in golden Syrian hamsters. PHVO diet Increases - increased the plasma ratios of total:HDL-cholesterol Animal
Thirty-two male Golden Syrian hamsters 2.5 g/100 g of diet Individual trans octadecenoic acids and partially hydrogenated vegetable oil differentially affect hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in golden Syrian hamsters. low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education Increases - was higher serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
female patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Not specified Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet and education Increases - was higher serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
male patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Not specified Impact of a low-carbohydrate and high-fiber diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. antioxidant-rich foods as adjuncts to a prudent diet Decreases - lower decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
patients with acute myocardial infarction (group A) Not specified Effect on mortality and reinfarction of adding fruits and vegetables to a prudent diet in the Indian experiment of infarct survival (IEIS). habitual diet Increases - Increases from baseline in LDL-cholesterol levels were reported LDL-cholesterol levels Human
control group Two fasting days of 730 kcal/d (3050 kJ/d) using balanced shakes and dietary supplements, followed by 5 days of habitual diet. Avoiding holiday seasonal weight gain with nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction: a pilot study. habitual diet Increases - Increases from baseline in total cholesterol levels were reported total cholesterol levels Human
control group Two fasting days of 730 kcal/d (3050 kJ/d) using balanced shakes and dietary supplements, followed by 5 days of habitual diet. Avoiding holiday seasonal weight gain with nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction: a pilot study. a moderately low-carbohydrate diet Increases - increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
participants with abnormal baseline values Not specified Changes in Body Weight, Dysglycemia, and Dyslipidemia After Moderately Low-Carbohydrate Diet Education (LOCABO Challenge Program) Among Workers in Japan. a moderately low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
participants with abnormal baseline values Not specified Changes in Body Weight, Dysglycemia, and Dyslipidemia After Moderately Low-Carbohydrate Diet Education (LOCABO Challenge Program) Among Workers in Japan. a moderately low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - decrease total cholesterol Human
participants with abnormal baseline values Not specified Changes in Body Weight, Dysglycemia, and Dyslipidemia After Moderately Low-Carbohydrate Diet Education (LOCABO Challenge Program) Among Workers in Japan. Mediterranean diet in association with Realsil complex No effect - significant variation total cholesterol Human
overweight patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Daily administration of Realsil complex (specific dosage not provided). Effects of Mediterranean diet supplemented with silybin-vitamin E-phospholipid complex in overweight patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mediterranean diet No effect - significant variation total cholesterol Human
overweight patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Daily administration of Realsil complex (specific dosage not provided). Effects of Mediterranean diet supplemented with silybin-vitamin E-phospholipid complex in overweight patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. lecithin-rich diet No effect - can modify cholesterol homeostasis and hepatic lipoprotein metabolism Human
— 500 mg daily (one capsule) Influence of soy lecithin administration on hypercholesterolemia. low-fat vegan diet Decreases - decreased significantly reported intake of cholesterol Human
employees who were either overweight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) and/or had type 2 diabetes — A worksite programme significantly alters nutrient intakes. low-fat vegan diet No effect - did not reach statistical significance serum cholesterol Human
patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) Not specified (low-fat, vegetarian diet). Toward improved management of NIDDM: A randomized, controlled, pilot intervention using a lowfat, vegetarian diet. fast food diet (FFD) Increases - group by time interaction was significant for cholesterol total cholesterol Animal
C57BL/6 J mice Not specified (fast food diet composition not detailed). Partial validation of a six-month high-fat diet and fructose-glucose drink combination as a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. high-fat/high-fructose diet Increases - increased cholesterol Animal
male golden hamsters Not specified (described as "high-fat/high-fructose diet"). High-fat/high-fructose diet and Opisthorchis viverrini infection promote metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease via inflammation, fibrogenesis, and metabolic dysfunction. leucine-rich diet No effect - observed no changes cholesterol concentrations Animal
Rats — Leucine improves protein nutritional status and regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in calorie-restricted rats. a reduced-energy diet with a dietary portfolio (DP) comprising high-fibre, polyphenol-rich and vegetable-protein functional foods Decreases - significant reductions LDL cholesterol Human
patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) Not specified A dietary intervention with functional foods reduces metabolic endotoxaemia and attenuates biochemical abnormalities by modifying faecal microbiota in people with type 2 diabetes. a reduced-energy diet with a dietary portfolio (DP) comprising high-fibre, polyphenol-rich and vegetable-protein functional foods Decreases - significant reductions total cholesterol Human
patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) Not specified A dietary intervention with functional foods reduces metabolic endotoxaemia and attenuates biochemical abnormalities by modifying faecal microbiota in people with type 2 diabetes. PUFA-rich corn oil diet No effect - remained unchanged HDL cholesterol Human
28 healthy, non-smoking young men aged between 19 and 31 years 12 g sunflower oil/day (as part of a 68 g olive oil + 12 g sunflower oil mixture). Impact of diets containing corn oil or olive/sunflower oil mixture on the human plasma and lipoprotein lipid metabolism. PUFA-rich corn oil diet Decreases - was able to reduce low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Human
28 healthy, non-smoking young men aged between 19 and 31 years 12 g sunflower oil/day (as part of a 68 g olive oil + 12 g sunflower oil mixture). Impact of diets containing corn oil or olive/sunflower oil mixture on the human plasma and lipoprotein lipid metabolism. PUFA-rich corn oil diet Decreases - were significantly lower total cholesterol Human
28 healthy, non-smoking young men aged between 19 and 31 years 12 g sunflower oil/day (as part of a 68 g olive oil + 12 g sunflower oil mixture). Impact of diets containing corn oil or olive/sunflower oil mixture on the human plasma and lipoprotein lipid metabolism. mixed oil diet (olive/sunflower oil mixture) No effect - remained unchanged HDL cholesterol Human
28 healthy, non-smoking young men aged between 19 and 31 years 12 g sunflower oil/day (as part of a 68 g olive oil + 12 g sunflower oil mixture). Impact of diets containing corn oil or olive/sunflower oil mixture on the human plasma and lipoprotein lipid metabolism. normal diet (ND) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) No effect - improved high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) Human
overweight/obese adults IER: 30% of energy needs on 2 non-consecutive days/week, 100% on other 5 days; CER: 70% of energy needs daily. Differential effects of intermittent energy restriction vs. continuous energy restriction combined high-intensity interval training on overweight/obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. normal diet (ND) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) No effect - improved total cholesterol (TC) Human
overweight/obese adults IER: 30% of energy needs on 2 non-consecutive days/week, 100% on other 5 days; CER: 70% of energy needs daily. Differential effects of intermittent energy restriction vs. continuous energy restriction combined high-intensity interval training on overweight/obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Transition from a higher-SFA/lower-UFA to a lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet Decreases - significantly reduced fasting blood lipids: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Human
Healthy males (n = 109, mean ± SD age 48 ± 11 y; BMI 25.1 ± 3.3 kg/m2) SFA:UFA as % total energy—19.1:14.8 (higher-SFA/lower-UFA diet) and 8.9:24.5 (lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet). Variation of LDL cholesterol in response to the replacement of saturated with unsaturated fatty acids: a nonrandomized, sequential dietary intervention; the Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Saturated fat Cholesterol Intervention ("RISSCI"-1) study. Transition from a higher-SFA/lower-UFA to a lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet Decreases - significantly reduced fasting blood lipids: LDL cholesterol Human
Healthy males (n = 109, mean ± SD age 48 ± 11 y; BMI 25.1 ± 3.3 kg/m2) SFA:UFA as % total energy—19.1:14.8 (higher-SFA/lower-UFA diet) and 8.9:24.5 (lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet). Variation of LDL cholesterol in response to the replacement of saturated with unsaturated fatty acids: a nonrandomized, sequential dietary intervention; the Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Saturated fat Cholesterol Intervention ("RISSCI"-1) study. Transition from a higher-SFA/lower-UFA to a lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet Decreases - significantly reduced fasting blood lipids: total cholesterol (TC) Human
Healthy males (n = 109, mean ± SD age 48 ± 11 y; BMI 25.1 ± 3.3 kg/m2) SFA:UFA as % total energy—19.1:14.8 (higher-SFA/lower-UFA diet) and 8.9:24.5 (lower-SFA/higher-UFA diet). Variation of LDL cholesterol in response to the replacement of saturated with unsaturated fatty acids: a nonrandomized, sequential dietary intervention; the Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Saturated fat Cholesterol Intervention ("RISSCI"-1) study. traditional low-protein diet without KA/AA Increases - significantly increased levels of total cholesterol and LHD Human
patients with CKD stages 3-4 Not specified [Analysis of the Effectiveness of Renoprotection of Low-Protein Diet and Ketoanalogues of Amino Acids In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease]. Feel4Diabetes Healthy Diet Score Decreases - was significantly correlated with changes in LDL cholesterol Human
adults from high diabetes risk families Not specified Feel4Diabetes healthy diet score: development and evaluation of clinical validity. Feel4Diabetes Healthy Diet Score Decreases - was significantly correlated with changes in total cholesterol Human
adults from high diabetes risk families Not specified Feel4Diabetes healthy diet score: development and evaluation of clinical validity. healthy diet rich in unsaturated fat Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
participants with asthma Not specified A pilot feeding study for adults with asthma: The healthy eating better breathing trial. low-fat background diet with added oat bran or beans No effect - were unchanged low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
subjects 55 g low-fiber oat bran, 55 g high-fiber oat bran, or 80 g mixed cooked beans daily. Do beans and oat bran add to the effectiveness of a low-fat diet? low-fat background diet with added oat bran or beans No effect - were unchanged plasma cholesterol Human
subjects 55 g low-fiber oat bran, 55 g high-fiber oat bran, or 80 g mixed cooked beans daily. Do beans and oat bran add to the effectiveness of a low-fat diet? supplementation of a moderately low-fat diet with palatable quantities of oat bran or beans without changing the overall fat intake No effect - does not appear to significantly lower cholesterol Human
— 55 g low-fiber oat bran, 55 g high-fiber oat bran, or 80 g mixed cooked beans daily. Do beans and oat bran add to the effectiveness of a low-fat diet? unrestricted vegan diet plan No effect - No decrease total or LDL cholesterol Human
subjects in the unrestricted vegan group Ad libitum meat and skim milk consumption (modified DF). Comparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific Measures. higher dietary inflammatory index (DII) diet Decreases - was associated with low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
American adults Not specified (DII calculated using 27 dietary components from 24-hour dietary recall) Anti-inflammatory diet reduces risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among US adults: a nationwide survey. high-carbohydrate/low-fiber diet No effect - No differences were observed fasting plasma cholesterol and HDL Human
both groups 60% energy from carbohydrate, 20% from fat (high-carbohydrate diet); 40% energy from carbohydrate, 40% from fat (low-carbohydrate diet). Does a high-carbohydrate diet have different effects in NIDDM patients treated with diet alone or hypoglycemic drugs? multibotanical plus soy diet counseling No effect - no statistically significant differences in the adjusted mean change HDL cholesterol Human
peri or post-menopausal women experiencing vasomotor symptoms 160 mg daily (Black Cohosh alone) or 200 mg daily (in multibotanical). The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin. multibotanical plus soy diet counseling No effect - no statistically significant differences in the adjusted mean change LDL cholesterol Human
peri or post-menopausal women experiencing vasomotor symptoms 160 mg daily (Black Cohosh alone) or 200 mg daily (in multibotanical). The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin. multibotanical plus soy diet counseling No effect - no statistically significant differences in the adjusted mean change total cholesterol Human
peri or post-menopausal women experiencing vasomotor symptoms 160 mg daily (Black Cohosh alone) or 200 mg daily (in multibotanical). The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin. high-sucrose/low-fat diet Increases - elevated cholesterol levels Animal
mice with impaired mitochondrial metabolism — Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice. recreational football training combined with calorie-restricted diet Decreases - reductions in total cholesterol Human
type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients — Positive effects of football on fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes. Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased LDL-cholesterol Human
G allele carriers (CG + GG genotypes) Not specified Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets. Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased LDL-cholesterol Human
no G allele carriers (CC genotype) Not specified Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets. Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
no G allele carriers (CC genotype) Not specified Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets. Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
G allele carriers (CG + GG genotypes) Not specified Dietary-fat effect of the rs10830963 polymorphism in MTNR1B on insulin resistance in response to 3 months weight-loss diets. a dietary program combining a low glycemic index diet with a functional food delivering 30 g of soy protein and 4 g of phytosterols per day (LGID) Decreases - showed statistically significant decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
postmenopausal women 30 g of soy protein and 4 g of phytosterols per day. Effect of a low glycemic index diet with soy protein and phytosterols on CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women. a dietary program combining a low glycemic index diet with a functional food delivering 30 g of soy protein and 4 g of phytosterols per day (LGID) Decreases - significant improvements were observed ratios of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
postmenopausal women 30 g of soy protein and 4 g of phytosterols per day. Effect of a low glycemic index diet with soy protein and phytosterols on CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women. a dietary program combining a low glycemic index diet with a functional food delivering 30 g of soy protein and 4 g of phytosterols per day (LGID) Decreases - significant improvements were observed ratios of triacylglycerol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
postmenopausal women 30 g of soy protein and 4 g of phytosterols per day. Effect of a low glycemic index diet with soy protein and phytosterols on CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women. a dietary program combining a low glycemic index diet with a functional food delivering 30 g of soy protein and 4 g of phytosterols per day (LGID) Decreases - showed statistically significant decreases total cholesterol Human
postmenopausal women 30 g of soy protein and 4 g of phytosterols per day. Effect of a low glycemic index diet with soy protein and phytosterols on CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women. SCE diet Increases - resulted in the highest fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acid Animal
hypercholesterolemic rats — Hypocholesterolemic Effects of the Cauliflower Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Sparassis crispa (Higher Basidiomycetes), in Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemic Rats. programmed diet No effect - remained unchanged high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) levels Human
both groups 10 mg monacolin K daily (one tablet per day). The short-term supplementation of monacolin K improves the lipid and metabolic patterns of hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects at low cardiovascular risk. programmed diet Decreases - significant reduction serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) Human
subjects with grade-1 essential hypertension 10 mg monacolin K daily (one tablet per day). The short-term supplementation of monacolin K improves the lipid and metabolic patterns of hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects at low cardiovascular risk. low-glycemic index pulse-based diet Decreases - greater reduction low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Not specified (part of a pulse-based diet including lentils, beans, split peas, and chickpeas). A Comparison of a Pulse-Based Diet and the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet in Combination with Exercise and Health Counselling on the Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. low-glycemic index pulse-based diet Decreases - greater reduction total cholesterol Human
women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Not specified (part of a pulse-based diet including lentils, beans, split peas, and chickpeas). A Comparison of a Pulse-Based Diet and the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet in Combination with Exercise and Health Counselling on the Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. high-sucrose diet (HSD) Increases - significant increase total cholesterol (TC) Animal
fruit flies — Novel ketogenic diet formulation improves sucrose-induced insulin resistance in canton strain Drosophila melanogaster. exercise combined with high-protein diet Decreases - had lower total cholesterol total cholesterol Human
middle-aged adults with obesity Not specified Effects of Combined High-Protein Diet and Exercise Intervention on Cardiometabolic Health in Middle-Aged Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) nutritional intervention Decreases - similarly reduced low density-lipoprotein cholesterol Human
Q1 and Q4 participants Not specified Change to a healthy diet in people over 70 years old: the PREDIMED experience. MFGM diet (whipping cream) No effect - did not differ HDL-cholesterol Human
overweight men and women 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study. MFGM diet (whipping cream) No effect - did not increase LDL cholesterol Human
overweight men and women 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study. MFGM diet (whipping cream) Decreases - decreased non-HDL cholesterol Human
overweight men and women 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study. MFGM diet (whipping cream) No effect - did not increase total cholesterol Human
overweight men and women 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study. control diet (butter oil) Increases - increased LDL cholesterol Human
overweight men and women 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study. control diet (butter oil) Increases - increased non-HDL cholesterol Human
overweight men and women 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study. control diet (butter oil) Increases - increased total cholesterol Human
overweight men and women 40 g milk fat/day as either whipping cream or butter oil. Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study. 35% SP diet Decreases - demonstrated superior efficacy cholesterol (CHO) Human
patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) 35% and 100% SP diets (percentage of total protein intake). Comparison of the effects of different percentages of soy protein in the diet on patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: systematic reviews and network meta-analysis. 35% SP diet Increases - demonstrated superior efficacy high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) 35% and 100% SP diets (percentage of total protein intake). Comparison of the effects of different percentages of soy protein in the diet on patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: systematic reviews and network meta-analysis. 35% SP diet Decreases - demonstrated superior efficacy low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) 35% and 100% SP diets (percentage of total protein intake). Comparison of the effects of different percentages of soy protein in the diet on patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: systematic reviews and network meta-analysis. ~60 g/d almonds (ALM) added to NCEP step II diet No effect - were not changed Mean total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
33 Chinese T2DM patients ~60g/d of almonds. Almonds ameliorate glycemic control in Chinese patients with better controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial. barley BGs at 6.5-7.5% of the diet independent of molecular mass and oligomer block structure No effect - showed no additional effect blood cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels Animal
hypercholesterolemic rat model 6.5-7.5% of the diet Barley beta-glucans varying in molecular mass and oligomer structure affect cecal fermentation and microbial composition but not blood lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats. weight-loss diet-induced decreases in primary BAs Decreases - were related to larger reductions total cholesterol Human
adults with overweight or obesity Not specified. Changes in bile acid subtypes and improvements in lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) trial. berry diet rich in antioxidants and bioactive phytochemicals Increases - increase of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol Human
human participants Not specified. Current evidence on the health-beneficial effects of berry fruits in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. berry diet rich in antioxidants and bioactive phytochemicals Decreases - decrease of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol Human
human participants Not specified. Current evidence on the health-beneficial effects of berry fruits in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. therapeutic high-protein, high-fiber weight loss diet Decreases - significant reductions were observed serum total cholesterol Human
overweight dogs Body weight-dependent amount (specific dosage not detailed) Effect of a weight loss diet with or without Spirulina supplementation on serum lipids and antioxidant capacity of overweight dogs. Step 1 American Heart Association diet with rice bran-enriched foods Decreases - significant reductions LDL cholesterol Human
mildly hypercholesterolemic men Not specified in the abstract. Beta-glucan- or rice bran-enriched foods: a comparative crossover clinical trial on lipidic pattern in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Step 1 American Heart Association diet with rice bran-enriched foods Decreases - significant reductions LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol Human
mildly hypercholesterolemic men Not specified in the abstract. Beta-glucan- or rice bran-enriched foods: a comparative crossover clinical trial on lipidic pattern in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Step 1 American Heart Association diet with rice bran-enriched foods Decreases - significant reductions total cholesterol Human
mildly hypercholesterolemic men Not specified in the abstract. Beta-glucan- or rice bran-enriched foods: a comparative crossover clinical trial on lipidic pattern in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Step 1 American Heart Association diet with rice bran-enriched foods Decreases - significant reductions total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol Human
mildly hypercholesterolemic men Not specified in the abstract. Beta-glucan- or rice bran-enriched foods: a comparative crossover clinical trial on lipidic pattern in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. fibre diet supplementation Decreases - reduced total cholesterol Human
subjects with IRH 20 g of fibre (fructose-oligosaccharides) per day. Idiopathic reactive hypoglycaemia - prevalence and effect of fibre on glucose excursions. low-fat vegetarian diet Decreases - led to rapid and sizable reductions HDL cholesterol concentrations Human
healthy premenopausal women Approximately 10% of energy from fat. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. low-fat vegetarian diet Decreases - decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations Human
premenopausal women Approximately 10% of energy from fat. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. low-fat vegetarian diet Decreases - led to rapid and sizable reductions LDL cholesterol concentrations Human
healthy premenopausal women Approximately 10% of energy from fat. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. low-fat vegetarian diet Decreases - significantly reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations Human
premenopausal women Approximately 10% of energy from fat. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. low-fat vegetarian diet Decreases - led to rapid and sizable reductions serum total cholesterol concentrations Human
healthy premenopausal women Approximately 10% of energy from fat. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. low-fat vegetarian diet Decreases - significantly reduces serum total cholesterol concentrations Human
premenopausal women Approximately 10% of energy from fat. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. DASH diet Increases - significant differences in favor of the DASH diet Cholesterol HDL Human
patients with MS Not specified Effectiveness of DASH Diet versus Other Diet Modalities in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. DASH diet Decreases - significant differences in favor of the DASH diet Cholesterol LDL Human
patients with MS Not specified Effectiveness of DASH Diet versus Other Diet Modalities in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. DASH diet Decreases - improves cholesterol levels Human
— Not specified Practical dietary interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease suitable for implementation in primary care: an ADAPTE-guided systematic review of international clinical guidelines. DASH diet Decreases - significant reduction low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) Human
subjects with MetS Not specified The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on fatty liver and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. DASH diet Decreases - significant reduction total cholesterol (TC) Human
subjects with MetS Not specified The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on fatty liver and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. DASH diet Decreases - positive relationship lower serum levels of cholesterol Human
adults from 27 counties of Khuzestan province, Iran Not specified The Association between DASH Diet Adherence and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. DASH diet Decreases - significant trends were observed total cholesterol Human
adults from 27 counties of Khuzestan province, Iran Not specified The Association between DASH Diet Adherence and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. DASH diet Decreases - significantly decreased serum total cholesterol Human
patients on corticosteroid therapy Not specified (dietary intake followed DASH guidelines). Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Eating Plan on the Metabolic Side Effects of Corticosteroid Medications. DASH diet Decreases - resulted in significant reductions total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio Human
overweight and obese patients with NAFLD Not specified (dietary pattern, not isolated dairy intake). The effects of DASH diet on weight loss and metabolic status in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. DASH diet Decreases - led to a significant reduction very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Not specified (diet composition: 52% carbohydrates, 18% proteins, 30% total fats, with DASH emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy). Effects of DASH diet on lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. DASH diet Decreases - decreased very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Not specified (diet composition: 52% carbohydrates, 18% proteins, 30% total fats, with DASH emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy). Effects of DASH diet on lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. controlled unsupplemented vegan diet Decreases - led to a significant reduction cholesterol intake Human
healthy omnivore subjects Not specified (unsupplemented vegan diet) Vitamin B12 Status Upon Short-Term Intervention with a Vegan Diet-A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Participants. 28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS Decreases - decreased contents of low density lipoprotein cholesterol Animal
juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 0.16% MCS supplementation in the 28%P/46%C diet. Momordica charantia saponins administration in low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet improves growth, blood biochemical, intestinal health and microflora composition of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). 28%P/46%C diet supplemented with 0.16% MCS Decreases - decreased contents of total cholesterol Animal
juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 0.16% MCS supplementation in the 28%P/46%C diet. Momordica charantia saponins administration in low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet improves growth, blood biochemical, intestinal health and microflora composition of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Diet I - high-fat hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
obese subjects Not specified Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects. Diet II - low fat hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
obese subjects Not specified Impact of 2 Different Hypocaloric Diets on Serum Omentin Levels in Obese Subjects. Diet and physical activity behavioral counseling interventions Decreases - were associated with small, statistically significant reductions low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level Human
adults without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors Not specified Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Promote a Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Known Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. aerobic exercise combined with a prudent diet No effect - not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
adults Diet recommendations: saturated/trans fat intake <10% of total calories, cholesterol <300 mg/day, fiber ≥25 g/day (women) or ≥35 g/day (men). Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. aerobic exercise combined with a prudent diet Decreases - Statistically significant intervention minus control reductions were found low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
adults Diet recommendations: saturated/trans fat intake <10% of total calories, cholesterol <300 mg/day, fiber ≥25 g/day (women) or ≥35 g/day (men). Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. aerobic exercise combined with a prudent diet Decreases - Changes were equivalent to reductions of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
adults Diet recommendations: saturated/trans fat intake <10% of total calories, cholesterol <300 mg/day, fiber ≥25 g/day (women) or ≥35 g/day (men). Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. aerobic exercise combined with a prudent diet Decreases - Statistically significant intervention minus control reductions were found total cholesterol (TC) Human
adults Diet recommendations: saturated/trans fat intake <10% of total calories, cholesterol <300 mg/day, fiber ≥25 g/day (women) or ≥35 g/day (men). Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. aerobic exercise combined with a prudent diet Decreases - Changes were equivalent to reductions of total cholesterol (TC) Human
adults Diet recommendations: saturated/trans fat intake <10% of total calories, cholesterol <300 mg/day, fiber ≥25 g/day (women) or ≥35 g/day (men). Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. WFPB diet (Whole Food, Plant-Based) Decreases - decreased HDL cholesterol Human
individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. WFPB diet (Whole Food, Plant-Based) Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. WFPB diet (Whole Food, Plant-Based) Decreases - decreased total cholesterol Human
individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes Ad libitum, meals provided (specific amounts not detailed). The acute effects of a DASH diet and whole food, plant-based diet on insulin requirements and related cardiometabolic markers in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. low-glycemic index, low-carbohydrate diet No effect - did not affect HDL cholesterol Human
overweight adults Four diets varying in glycemic index (40% or 65%) and carbohydrate content (40% or 58% of energy). Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity: the OmniCarb randomized clinical trial. low-glycemic index, low-carbohydrate diet No effect - did not affect LDL cholesterol Human
overweight adults Four diets varying in glycemic index (40% or 65%) and carbohydrate content (40% or 58% of energy). Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity: the OmniCarb randomized clinical trial. Mediterranean diet alone (MeD) Decreases - significantly decreased serum cholesterol (CHOL) Human
people with NAFLD 250 mg of beetroot juice. Comparing effects of beetroot juice and Mediterranean diet on liver enzymes and sonographic appearance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized control trials. Mediterranean diet with beet juice (BJ + MeD) Decreases - significantly decreased serum cholesterol (CHOL) Human
people with NAFLD 250 mg of beetroot juice. Comparing effects of beetroot juice and Mediterranean diet on liver enzymes and sonographic appearance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized control trials. replacement diet with products made with organic khorasan wheat Decreases - significant amelioration low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) — An organic khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. replacement diet with products made with organic khorasan wheat Decreases - significant amelioration total cholesterol Human
patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) — An organic khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. atherogenic diet Decreases - lower mean levels high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Animal
male, albino Wistar rats fed an atherogenic diet for 45 days and treated with saline — Evaluation of the anti-atherogenic potential of chrysin in Wistar rats. atherogenic diet (AD; 40% lipid, 1.25% cholesterol, kcal) Increases - elevated liver cholesterol Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — An atherogenic diet decreases liver FXR gene expression and causes severe hepatic steatosis and hepatic cholesterol accumulation: effect of endurance training. atherogenic diet (AD; 40% lipid, 1.25% cholesterol, kcal) Increases - elevated plasma cholesterol Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — An atherogenic diet decreases liver FXR gene expression and causes severe hepatic steatosis and hepatic cholesterol accumulation: effect of endurance training. LFHCC diet Increases - increased TRL-cholesterol area under the curve Human
MetS patients 1.24 g/d of long-chain (n-3) PUFA or placebo (1.24 g/d of high-oleic sunflower-seed oil). A low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diet supplemented with long-chain (n-3) fatty acids alters the postprandial lipoprotein profile in patients with metabolic syndrome. RESMENA diet Increases - were increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
Subjects with the metabolic syndrome Not specified A new dietary strategy for long-term treatment of the metabolic syndrome is compared with the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines: the MEtabolic Syndrome REduction in NAvarra (RESMENA) project. RESMENA diet Increases - were increased LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations Human
Subjects with the metabolic syndrome Not specified A new dietary strategy for long-term treatment of the metabolic syndrome is compared with the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines: the MEtabolic Syndrome REduction in NAvarra (RESMENA) project. Supplementation of diet with fermented dairy products or lactic acid bacteria containing dairy products Decreases - has shown the potential to reduce serum cholesterol levels Human
— Not specified Cholesterol-lowering probiotics as potential biotherapeutics for metabolic diseases. portfolio diet Decreases - reduced the ratio of LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
Twenty-five hyperlipidemic subjects 16.6 g of almonds per 1,000 kcal The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia. Mediterranean-like, culturally contextualized Asian diet rich in fiber and unsaturated fatty acids Decreases - achieved significantly greater reductions in total cholesterol Human
Chinese females with NAFLD Not specified for fiber alone. Effect of an Asian-adapted Mediterranean diet and pentadecanoic acid on fatty liver disease: the TANGO randomized controlled trial. 5:2 diet Decreases - associations low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
— Not specified Intermittent fasting for weight management and metabolic health: An updated comprehensive umbrella review of health outcomes. 5:2 diet No effect - no significant difference total cholesterol Human
overweight and obese individuals Not specified (5:2 diet protocol—2 fasting days per week). Effect of the 5:2 Diet on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and/or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mediterranean style diet (MSD) Decreases - significantly decrease total cholesterol (TC) Human
children and adolescents with obesity Not specified (diet composition: 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 15% protein, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, flavonoids, and antioxidants). Mediterranean-style diet reduces metabolic syndrome components in obese children and adolescents with obesity. control diet (CNT, no PP) Increases - had the highest concentrations cholesterol Animal
Arabi male lambs Not specified Use of tannase-producing bacteria isolated from the rumen to improve the nutritional value of pomegranate peel for fattening lambs. Control diet (healthy diet recommendations without nuts) Decreases - significant reduction LDL-cholesterol Human
patients with MetS 30 g/day of mixed nuts (15 g walnuts, 7.5 g almonds, 7.5 g hazelnuts). Effects of one serving of mixed nuts on serum lipids, insulin resistance and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome. control diet No effect - changes LDL-cholesterol (in mg/dl) Human
patients aged 40 to 80 years and diagnosed with CAD Group 1: 30 g/day of pecan nuts; Group 2: 30 ml/day of olive oil; Group 3: control diet. Effect of polymorphisms in the CD36 and STAT3 genes on different dietary interventions among patients with coronary artery disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. eliminating red and processed meat in the context of a Mediterranean diet (MD) No effect - will significantly modify circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and the fatty acid profile Human
adults (≥18 years) with dyslipidemia (not undergoing pharmacological treatment) Not specified Intervention design and adherence to Mediterranean diet in the Cardiovascular Risk Prevention with a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Reduced in Saturated Fat (CADIMED) randomized trial. eliminating red and processed meat in the context of a Mediterranean diet (MD) No effect - will significantly modify circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and the fatty acid profile Human
adults (≥18 years) with dyslipidemia (not undergoing pharmacological treatment) Not specified Intervention design and adherence to Mediterranean diet in the Cardiovascular Risk Prevention with a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Reduced in Saturated Fat (CADIMED) randomized trial. healthy diet Increases - improved antioxidant capacity of LDL cholesterol particles Human
hypercholesterolemic subjects Not specified for beta-carotene (PS dosage: 2 g/day) Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects on a standard healthy diet including low-fat milk enriched with plant sterols. healthy diet Decreases - significantly reduced LDL cholesterol Human
hypercholesterolemic subjects Not specified for beta-carotene (PS dosage: 2 g/day) Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects on a standard healthy diet including low-fat milk enriched with plant sterols. healthy diet Decreases - significantly reduced total cholesterol Human
hypercholesterolemic subjects Not specified for beta-carotene (PS dosage: 2 g/day) Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects on a standard healthy diet including low-fat milk enriched with plant sterols. Healthy diet Decreases - Significant changes between the groups were found LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio Human
people with metabolic syndrome Low-fat dairy products included as part of the diet (specific amounts not detailed). Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome -- a randomized study (SYSDIET). Healthy diet Decreases - Significant changes between the groups were found non-HDL cholesterol Human
people with metabolic syndrome Low-fat dairy products included as part of the diet (specific amounts not detailed). Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome -- a randomized study (SYSDIET). Mediterranean diet (assessed by MED score) Increases - The MED score was directly associated with HDL-cholesterol HDL-cholesterol Human
subjects from the SU.VI.MAX study Not specified (adherence assessed via dietary scores from at least three 24-hour records). Adherence to Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome: a 6-year prospective study. Mediterranean diet (assessed by MSDPS) Increases - MSDPS was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol HDL-cholesterol Human
subjects from the SU.VI.MAX study Not specified (adherence assessed via dietary scores from at least three 24-hour records). Adherence to Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome: a 6-year prospective study. Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) Decreases - reduced LDL-cholesterol Human
Australian patients post coronary event Ad libitum (no specific dosage provided). Ad libitum Mediterranean diet reduces subcutaneous but not visceral fat in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled pilot study. Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) Decreases - reduced total cholesterol Human
Australian patients post coronary event Ad libitum (no specific dosage provided). Ad libitum Mediterranean diet reduces subcutaneous but not visceral fat in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomised controlled pilot study. Mediterranean diet Decreases - significantly lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
overweight or obese US adults Not specified Pilot randomized controlled trial of a Mediterranean diet or diet supplemented with fish oil, walnuts, and grape juice in overweight or obese US adults. Mediterranean diet Decreases - significantly lower total cholesterol total cholesterol Human
overweight or obese US adults Not specified Pilot randomized controlled trial of a Mediterranean diet or diet supplemented with fish oil, walnuts, and grape juice in overweight or obese US adults. Mediterranean Diet Decreases - showed lower serum LDL cholesterol levels serum LDL cholesterol levels Human
subjects in the Mediterranean Diet group Not specified (dietary intervention) Mediterranean diet effects on vascular health and serum levels of adipokines and ceramides. Mediterranean Diet Decreases - showed lower serum total cholesterol levels serum total cholesterol levels Human
subjects in the Mediterranean Diet group Not specified (dietary intervention) Mediterranean diet effects on vascular health and serum levels of adipokines and ceramides. Mediterranean Diet Decreases - showed significantly lower mean serum total cholesterol levels serum total cholesterol levels Human
subjects in the Mediterranean Diet group Not specified (dietary intervention) Mediterranean diet effects on vascular health and serum levels of adipokines and ceramides. Mediterranean diet No effect - show no statistically significant findings for total cholesterol levels Human
— Not specified Does the Mediterranean Diet Play a Beneficial Role in Managing the Health of Overweight/Obese Breast Cancer Survivors? low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with low glycemic index (LGI) No effect - showed no significant difference HDL cholesterol Human
overweight healthy women aged 20-40 y Not specified (test foods replaced usual carbohydrate-rich foods, matched for energy, density, fiber, and macronutrients). No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet. low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with low glycemic index (LGI) Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
overweight healthy women aged 20-40 y Not specified (test foods replaced usual carbohydrate-rich foods, matched for energy, density, fiber, and macronutrients). No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet. low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet with low glycemic index (LGI) Decreases - tended to a larger decrease total cholesterol Human
overweight healthy women aged 20-40 y Not specified (test foods replaced usual carbohydrate-rich foods, matched for energy, density, fiber, and macronutrients). No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet. Modified Portfolio Diet (MPD) No effect - no change HDL cholesterol Human
30 patients with type II diabetes, 6 weeks post bypass surgery Low fat, 8 g/1000 kcal viscous fibres, 17 g/1000 kcal soy protein, and 22 g/1000 kcal almonds. A modified portfolio diet complements medical management to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. fruit rich diet (FRD) with consumption of at least 4 servings of fruits daily Increases - had significantly higher total cholesterol (TC) Human
adults with NAFLD At least 4 servings of fruits daily (FRD group) vs. less than 2 servings/day (control group). The effect of a fruit-rich diet on liver biomarkers, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. low-energy, high-protein diet Decreases - reductions in total cholesterol Human
obese men with obstructive sleep apnea Not specified One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males. a diet containing a certain dose of plant sterol Decreases - significantly reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
patients with hypercholesterolemia Not specified Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. a diet containing a certain dose of plant sterol Decreases - significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) Human
patients with hypercholesterolemia Not specified Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. low-fat, vegan diet Decreases - fell more fat and cholesterol intake Human
Individuals with type 2 diabetes Not specified (dietary intervention). A low-fat vegan diet elicits greater macronutrient changes, but is comparable in adherence and acceptability, compared with a more conventional diabetes diet among individuals with type 2 diabetes. high-monounsaturated-fat diet Increases - higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Human
10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) receiving insulin therapy High-carbohydrate diet: 60% carbohydrates (47% complex carbohydrates), 25% fat. Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. high-monounsaturated-fat diet No effect - did not differ significantly in levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Human
10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) receiving insulin therapy High-carbohydrate diet: 60% carbohydrates (47% complex carbohydrates), 25% fat. Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. high-monounsaturated-fat diet No effect - did not differ significantly in levels of total cholesterol total cholesterol Human
10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) receiving insulin therapy High-carbohydrate diet: 60% carbohydrates (47% complex carbohydrates), 25% fat. Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. high-monounsaturated-fat diet Decreases - lower levels of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
10 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) receiving insulin therapy High-carbohydrate diet: 60% carbohydrates (47% complex carbohydrates), 25% fat. Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. high-monounsaturated-fat diet Decreases - was lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
people with type 1 diabetes 17% to 20% of total daily calories from monounsaturated fat. Impact of a high-monounsaturated-fat diet on lipid profile in subjects with type 1 diabetes. high-monounsaturated-fat diet Decreases - lower very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
people with type 1 diabetes 17% to 20% of total daily calories from monounsaturated fat. Impact of a high-monounsaturated-fat diet on lipid profile in subjects with type 1 diabetes. soybean oil (SBO) diet Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
healthy participants Test fats contributed 20% of total energy intake (33% total fat). Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial. soybean oil (SBO) diet Decreases - decreased serum total cholesterol (TC) Human
healthy participants Test fats contributed 20% of total energy intake (33% total fat). Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial. soybean oil (SBO) diet Decreases - decreased TC:HDL cholesterol ratio Human
healthy participants Test fats contributed 20% of total energy intake (33% total fat). Eucaloric diets enriched in palm olein, cocoa butter, and soybean oil did not differentially affect liver fat concentration in healthy participants: a 16-week randomized controlled trial. model control (MC) group diet Decreases - significantly lower expressions of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) Animal
Sprague-Dawley rats — Impact of protein intake from a caloric-restricted diet on liver lipid metabolism in overweight and obese rats of different sexes. a low-fat vegetarian diet Decreases - statistically significant reductions total cholesterol Human
previously non-vegetarian subjects from a Mediterranean population A whole lacto-vegetarian diet low in fat (20%) was provided as a full daily menu. [SHORT TERM EFFECTS ON LIPID PROFILE AND GLYCAEMIA OF A LOW-FAT VEGETARIAN DIET]. a low-fat vegetarian diet Decreases - produces favourable and significant decreases total cholesterol Human
— A whole lacto-vegetarian diet low in fat (20%) was provided as a full daily menu. [SHORT TERM EFFECTS ON LIPID PROFILE AND GLYCAEMIA OF A LOW-FAT VEGETARIAN DIET]. ketogenic diet protocol Decreases - significant decreases total cholesterol Human
34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight Not specified Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet. cholesterol-enriched diet Increases - showed significantly higher serum cholesterol level Animal
Male Wistar rats Not specified Effect of a multivitamin preparation supplemented with phytosterol on serum lipids and infarct size in rats fed with normal and high cholesterol diet. replacement diet with ancient khorasan wheat products Decreases - significantly reduced cholesterol Human
patients with NAFLD — A Khorasan Wheat-Based Replacement Diet Improves Risk Profile of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Randomized Clinical Trial. high-MUFA diet Increases - comparable improvement HDL cholesterol Human
overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes Not specified One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. MIND diet Decreases - lowering high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
Kurdish adults between the ages of 39 and 53 Not specified Associations between adherence to MIND diet and general obesity and lipid profile: A cross-sectional study. MIND diet Decreases - significant inverse association odds of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Human
Iranian adults Not specified Associations between adherence to MIND diet and metabolic syndrome and general and abdominal obesity: a cross-sectional study. strict, low-salt, uncooked vegan diet rich in lactobacteria Decreases - statistically significant lowering Total serum cholesterol Human
18 fibromyalgia patients Not specified (strict, low-salt, uncooked vegan diet). Vegan diet alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms. calorie-restricted, low-fat diet Decreases - decreased fasting LDL cholesterol Human
Healthy, obese adults High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. low-carbohydrate diet (< or =20 g/d) Increases - increased LDL-cholesterol concentrations Human
Healthy, obese adults High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. low-carbohydrate diet (< or =20 g/d) No effect - no diet treatment effect remnant lipoprotein cholesterol Human
Healthy, obese adults High-fat diet: ≤20 g carbohydrates/day; high-carb diet: 55% of total energy intake from carbohydrates. Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteriaceae) supplementation combined with local diet Increases - significant increase HDL-cholesterol Human
HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients Not specified Effects of Spirulina platensis supplementation on lipid profile in HIV-infected antiretroviral naïve patients in Yaounde-Cameroon: a randomized trial study. Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteriaceae) supplementation combined with local diet Decreases - significant decrease LDL-cholesterol Human
HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients Not specified Effects of Spirulina platensis supplementation on lipid profile in HIV-infected antiretroviral naïve patients in Yaounde-Cameroon: a randomized trial study. Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteriaceae) supplementation combined with local diet Decreases - significant decrease total cholesterol Human
HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients Not specified Effects of Spirulina platensis supplementation on lipid profile in HIV-infected antiretroviral naïve patients in Yaounde-Cameroon: a randomized trial study. calorie-restricted legume-based diet (L-diet) Decreases - reduction (%) in CRP concentrations was positively associated with decreases (%) in total cholesterol concentration CRP concentrations and total cholesterol concentration Human
obese subjects 4 weekly servings (160-235 g per serving) of lentils, chickpeas, peas, or beans. A legume-based hypocaloric diet reduces proinflammatory status and improves metabolic features in overweight/obese subjects. calorie-restricted legume-based diet (L-diet) Decreases - improved Total and LDL cholesterol levels Human
obese subjects 4 weekly servings (160-235 g per serving) of lentils, chickpeas, peas, or beans. A legume-based hypocaloric diet reduces proinflammatory status and improves metabolic features in overweight/obese subjects. addition of two eggs per day to a plant-based diet Increases - increased HDL cholesterol Human
individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) Two eggs per day (or equivalent egg substitute) with 70 g of spinach for breakfast. Eggs Improve Plasma Biomarkers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Following a Plant-Based Diet-A Randomized Crossover Study. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet Increases - showed moderate, likely beneficial effects HDL cholesterol Human
at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel Not specified. A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet Increases - significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) Human
at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel Not specified. A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet Increases - showed small, likely harmful effect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel Not specified. A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel. low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet Increases - higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
participants with T2DM HCLF diet with 50-60% carbohydrates, 20-30% fats, and 20-25% proteins. Effect of Calorie-Unrestricted Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet Versus High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet on Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease : A Randomized Controlled Trial. low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet Increases - less favorable changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
participants with T2DM HCLF diet with 50-60% carbohydrates, 20-30% fats, and 20-25% proteins. Effect of Calorie-Unrestricted Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet Versus High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diet on Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease : A Randomized Controlled Trial. enriched-polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet Increases - increased HDL-cholesterol Human
A-allele carriers Not specified [Influence of rs670 variant of APOA1 gene on serum HDL response to an enriched-polyunsaturated vs. an enriched-monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet]. enriched-polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet Decreases - decreased LDL-cholesterol Human
A-allele carriers Not specified [Influence of rs670 variant of APOA1 gene on serum HDL response to an enriched-polyunsaturated vs. an enriched-monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet]. conjugated linoleic acid supplementation (CLA) with a weight loss diet and 400 IU vitamin E Decreases - significantly decreased total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein ratio Human
obese NAFLD patients Three 1000 mg softgels of CLA daily, alongside a weight loss diet and 400 IU vitamin E. Conjugated linoleic acid improves glycemic response, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial. lutein along with a low-calorie diet (LCD) No effect - no significant changes were observed HDL-cholesterol Human
obese middle-aged individuals 20 mg/d Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters. lutein along with a low-calorie diet (LCD) Decreases - significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol Human
obese middle-aged individuals 20 mg/d Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters. lutein along with a low-calorie diet (LCD) Decreases - significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) Human
obese middle-aged individuals 20 mg/d Lutein supplementation combined with a low-calorie diet in middle-aged obese individuals: effects on anthropometric indices, body composition and metabolic parameters. dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet Decreases - significantly associated with lowered cholesterol Human
141 middle-aged adults Not specified The Association Between Diet and Cardio-Metabolic Risk on Cognitive Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study of Middle-Aged Australian Adults. supplementing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in breeder hens diet Decreases - decreased serum total cholesterol levels Animal
chick offspring — Supplementing conjugated linoleic acid in breeder hens diet increased conjugated linoleic acid incorporation in liver and alters hepatic lipid metabolism in chick offspring. diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) Decreases - decreased HDL-cholesterol levels Human
forty-six overweight women (50-72 years, BMI 25-33 kg/m² and normal fasting glycaemia) 82 g/d chickpeas (as part of D1). Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women. diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) Decreases - had a greater effect on LDL-cholesterol levels Human
forty-six overweight women (50-72 years, BMI 25-33 kg/m² and normal fasting glycaemia) 82 g/d chickpeas (as part of D1). Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women. diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) Decreases - decreased LDL-cholesterol levels Human
forty-six overweight women (50-72 years, BMI 25-33 kg/m² and normal fasting glycaemia) 82 g/d chickpeas (as part of D1). Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women. diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) Decreases - decreased serum total cholesterol levels Human
forty-six overweight women (50-72 years, BMI 25-33 kg/m² and normal fasting glycaemia) 82 g/d chickpeas (as part of D1). Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women. diet rich in kernel-based barley products, brown beans and chickpeas (D1, diet 1 (functional diet)) Decreases - had a greater effect on total cholesterol levels Human
forty-six overweight women (50-72 years, BMI 25-33 kg/m² and normal fasting glycaemia) 82 g/d chickpeas (as part of D1). Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women. low-carbohydrate diet (LC) Increases - significantly increased HDL cholesterol Human
overweight/obese Chinese females Not specified Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females. low-carbohydrate diet (LC) Decreases - significantly reduced LDL cholesterol Human
overweight/obese Chinese females Not specified Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females. low-carbohydrate diet (LC) Decreases - significantly reduced total cholesterol Human
overweight/obese Chinese females Not specified Non-Energy-Restricted Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined with Exercise Intervention Improved Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight Chinese Females. low-carbohydrate diet Increases - may promote favourable outcomes HDL cholesterol Human
adults with type 2 diabetes Not specified (varied by study). The interpretation and effect of a low-carbohydrate diet in the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. low-carbohydrate diet Increases - greater increases in HDL cholesterol level HDL cholesterol level Human
148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes Low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat, <7% saturated fat). Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: a randomized trial. low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - greater decreases in ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Human
148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes Low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily energy intake from total fat, <7% saturated fat). Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: a randomized trial. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Increases - increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
1,141 obese patients Not specified Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) No effect - did not change significantly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
1,141 obese patients Not specified Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Increases - were significantly higher than those of the LFD high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) Human
adolescents with overweight and obesity Not specified Low-Carbohydrate Diet is More Helpful for Weight Loss Than Low-Fat Diet in Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) No effect - no significant difference low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) Human
adolescents with overweight and obesity Not specified Low-Carbohydrate Diet is More Helpful for Weight Loss Than Low-Fat Diet in Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) No effect - no significant difference total cholesterol (TC) Human
adolescents with overweight and obesity Not specified Low-Carbohydrate Diet is More Helpful for Weight Loss Than Low-Fat Diet in Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. low-carbohydrate (LC) diet Increases - only improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
persons with obesity <40% energy from carbohydrates (low-carbohydrate diet), <30% energy from fat (low-fat diet) Effects of macronutrient intake in obesity: a meta-analysis of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on markers of the metabolic syndrome. low-carbohydrate diet Increases - had greater increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
307 participants with a mean age of 45.5 years and mean body mass index of 36.1 kg/m(2) 1200 to 1800 kcal/day, ≤30% calories from fat. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - had lesser reductions low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
307 participants with a mean age of 45.5 years and mean body mass index of 36.1 kg/m(2) 1200 to 1800 kcal/day, ≤30% calories from fat. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. low-carbohydrate diet Decreases - had greater reductions very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
307 participants with a mean age of 45.5 years and mean body mass index of 36.1 kg/m(2) 1200 to 1800 kcal/day, ≤30% calories from fat. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Increases - increased LDL cholesterol Human
trials with mean baseline BMI <25 <130 g/d carbohydrate Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: A meta-analysis. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) No effect - did not change LDL cholesterol Human
trials with a mean of BMI 25-<35 <130 g/d carbohydrate Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: A meta-analysis. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol Human
trials with a mean BMI ≥35 <130 g/d carbohydrate Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: A meta-analysis. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Decreases - had a strong inverse association with LDL cholesterol change Human
participants in randomized controlled trials <130 g/d carbohydrate Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet in adults with normal but not high body weight: A meta-analysis. low-carbohydrate diet Increases - favourable changes lipid profile of HDL cholesterol Human
patients with type 2 diabetes Not Assessed The use of low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes - benefits and risks. low carbohydrate diet (LCD) Increases - may increase the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
— Not specified Statin therapy is not warranted for a person with high LDL-cholesterol on a low-carbohydrate diet. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Increases - increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Human
adults with overweight or obesity Carbohydrate intake < 50 g/day Low-carbohydrate diets lead to greater weight loss and better glucose homeostasis than exercise: a randomized clinical trial. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Decreases - significant inverse relation was observed between low HDL cholesterol Human
all participants Not specified (LCD score calculated based on deciles of energy percentages from macronutrients). The association between low-carbohydrate diet score and metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults. low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) Decreases - significant inverse relation was observed between low HDL cholesterol Human
men Not specified (LCD score calculated based on deciles of energy percentages from macronutrients). The association between low-carbohydrate diet score and metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults. low-carbohydrate diet Increases - increase in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
a proportion of individuals Not specified Can low-carbohydrate diets be recommended for reducing cardiovascular risk? low-carbohydrate diet Increases - change in serum total cholesterol serum total cholesterol Human
— Not specified The effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis. low carbohydrate diet No effect - significantly altered Steroid profiles, alongside serum cholesterol and cholesteryl ester levels Animal
— Not specified A low carbohydrate, high protein diet suppresses intratumoral androgen synthesis and slows castration-resistant prostate tumor growth in mice. low carbohydrate (LC) diet Increases - increased total cholesterol Human
mostly obese participants with T2D Not specified Comparison of the Effectiveness of Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets, in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. combination of exercise training and fiber-rich diet Decreases - decreased plasma cholesterol levels Animal
Male APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice 10% inulin (fiber) in the diet. Combination of dietary fiber and exercise training improves fat loss in mice but does not ameliorate MASLD more than exercise alone. low-fat/low-calorie diet Decreases - reduced serum cholesterol Human
patients with NASH Once daily for 12 weeks (exact dosage not specified). Treatment efficacy of a probiotic preparation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A pilot trial. behavioral counseling interventions to improve diet and increase physical activity Decreases - were associated with small, statistically significant reductions low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
people with elevated blood pressure or lipid levels Median of 6 contact hours and 12 sessions over 12 months (varied by low, medium, or high contact time). Behavioral Counseling to Promote a Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. MBP-NC (nutraceutical combination of red yeast rice extract, berberine, policosanols) in association with a hypolipidic diet Decreases - significantly reduced total cholesterol levels Human
patients with low- to moderate-risk hypercholesterolemia 200 mg red yeast rice extract (equivalent to 3 mg monacolins), 500 mg berberine, and 10 mg policosanols once daily after dinner. Efficacy and Tolerability of a Nutraceutical Combination (Red Yeast Rice, Policosanols, and Berberine) in Patients with Low-Moderate Risk Hypercholesterolemia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. low-fat (≤10% of calories), high-carbohydrate (~80% of calories), moderate-sodium, purely plant-based diet ad libitum for 7 days Decreases - decrease total cholesterol Human
1615 participants in a 10-day residential dietary intervention program Ad libitum consumption of a low-fat (≤10% of calories), high-carbohydrate (~80% of calories), moderate-sodium, purely plant-based diet. Effects of 7 days on an ad libitum low-fat vegan diet: the McDougall Program cohort. calorie-restricted Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet Decreases - decreased Total cholesterol Human
sedentary obese older adults 3 oz (85 g) or 6 oz (170.1 g) of lean fresh beef daily within a standardized calorie-restricted DASH-like diet. Cardiometabolic Changes in Response to a Calorie-Restricted DASH Diet in Obese Older Adults. soy lecithin diet Decreases - lower cholesterol concentration in the Longissimus dorsi Animal
Hanwoo steers 0.5% of alcohol-fermented feed (AFF). Effect of soy lecithin on total cholesterol content, fatty acid composition and carcass characteristics in the Longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo steers (Korean native cattle). low energy diet containing condensed processed yogurt (Kashk) Decreases - significantly decreased low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Human
women with overweight/obesity 50 g of Kashk daily Effect of a low energy diet, containing a high protein, probiotic condensed yogurt, on biochemical and anthropometric measurements among women with overweight/obesity: A randomised controlled trial. Paleolithic diet (PD) Decreases - impact was stronger low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
healthy and unhealthy adults Not specified Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes? Paleolithic diet (PD) Decreases - cased a decline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) Human
healthy and unhealthy adults Not specified Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes? Paleolithic diet (PD) Decreases - impact was stronger total cholesterol (TC) Human
healthy and unhealthy adults Not specified Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes? Paleolithic diet (PD) Decreases - cased a decline total cholesterol (TC) Human
healthy and unhealthy adults Not specified Paleolithic Diet-Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes? high-cholesterol diet (HCD) Decreases - significantly dropped HDL cholesterol Animal
rats 0.5 mL/kg The Impact of Dietary Consumption of Palm Oil and Olive Oil on Lipid Profile and Hepatocyte Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. high-cholesterol diet (HCD) Increases - significantly increased LDL cholesterol Animal
rats 0.5 mL/kg The Impact of Dietary Consumption of Palm Oil and Olive Oil on Lipid Profile and Hepatocyte Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. high-cholesterol diet (HCD) Increases - significantly increased total cholesterol Animal
rats 0.5 mL/kg The Impact of Dietary Consumption of Palm Oil and Olive Oil on Lipid Profile and Hepatocyte Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. high-cholesterol diet (HCD) Increases - significantly increased vLDL cholesterol Animal
rats 0.5 mL/kg The Impact of Dietary Consumption of Palm Oil and Olive Oil on Lipid Profile and Hepatocyte Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. high-cholesterol diet Increases - increased hippocampal CA1 region cholesterol levels Animal
rat model — Cholesterol intake and statin use regulate neuronal G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels. high cholesterol diet (HCD) Increases - significant (p < 0.001) increase levels of total cholesterol (TC) Animal
rats Not specified Lipid-lowering effect of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) fruit extract in hypercholesterolemic rats. High-cholesterol diet (HCD) Increases - significantly increased serum cholesterol Animal
rats Not specified (study mentions "Dill tablet" but does not detail dosage). Dill tablet and Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract: Promising therapeutic agents for improving cognitive deficit in hypercholesterolemic rats. high cholesterol (HC) diet Increases - significantly elevated serum cholesterol concentrations Animal
rats — Polysaccharide from fuzi (FPS) prevents hypercholesterolemia in rats. high cholesterol diet Increases - showed an increase serum cholesterol level Animal
mice — Effects of statins and cholesterol on memory functions in mice. high cholesterol diet (HCD) Increases - exhibited serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels Animal Molecular
zebrafish Final concentration of 0.1 mg/ml in vitro; dosage in vivo not specified. Grape skin and loquat leaf extracts and acai puree have potent anti-atherosclerotic and anti-diabetic activity in vitro and in vivo in hypercholesterolemic zebrafish. high-cholesterol diet Increases - showed elevated total cholesterol levels Molecular
hamsters — In vivo biochemical and gene expression analyses of the antioxidant activities and hypocholesterolaemic properties of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp extract. high protein and low glycemic load diet Increases - increased dietetic cholesterol Human
intervention group High-protein group: 1.3-1.4 g/kg/day; control group: 0.8-1.0 g/kg/day. Effect of an intensive nutrition intervention of a high protein and low glycemic load diet on weight of kidney transplant recipients: a randomized clinical trial. fructose-enriched diet Increases - elevated levels total cholesterol (TC) Animal
rats 20% casein diet supplemented with pumpkin protein (exact dosage not specified). Effects of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Seed Protein on Blood Pressure, Plasma Lipids, Leptin, Adiponectin, and Oxidative Stress in Rats with Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. The diet rich in n-6PUFA Decreases - decreased LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) level Human
— Not specified. Improvement of the omega 3 index of healthy subjects does not alter the effects of dietary saturated fats or n-6PUFA on LDL profiles. cafeteria diet (CAFD) Increases - increased hepatic content of total cholesterol Animal
adult male Wistar rats 400 mg/kg Nicotinamide riboside and dietary restriction effects on gut microbiota and liver inflammatory and morphologic markers in cafeteria diet-induced obesity in rats. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet using local foodstuffs Decreases - significant decreases total-cholesterol Human
test group Maximum of 2000 kcal/day. Assessing the effectiveness of a DASH diet in hypertensive patients attending the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital - Cameroon: a case-control study. prudent diet Decreases - decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level Human
patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia 5.1 g of psyllium twice daily. Comparison of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid and cellulose as adjuncts to a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. 
